Report on some features of Scottish Agriculture. 
185 
under favourable weather. As on other farms in tlie district, 
all the tillage operations are performed hy the yearly labourers 
or as day-work. 
(c) Mamjolds. — A few acres of this crop are grown every 
year, the land being cultivated and manured in the same manner 
as for potatoes ; the seed is drilled, and the plants are hoed and 
singled as swedes. The headlands of the potato-fields are also 
cropped with mangolds transplanted from a seed-bed, the great 
secret of success being to raise the young plants carefully so as 
to preserve the small roots. If this be done properly, the plants 
are not thrown back more than a few days ; and in 1869, 
although they were transplanted in very hot dry weather, a full 
crop was got by watering plentifully as they were put into the 
ground ; while the expense of lifting the young plants, planting 
out, and watering, was not more than 1/. per imperial acre. 
{(I) Carrots. — The spring cultivation for carrots is precisely 
the same as for potatoes. Seed to the quantity of 10 or 12 lbs. per 
acre is rubbed and riddled, and sown with a seed-barrow, 
having outlets larger than for turnips. Seed-time commences 
before the middle of March with Intermediate carrot, and finishes 
about the end of the month with Altrinc ham. Two rows are 
placed on each drill, and by this method the crop is nearly doubled. 
Carrots require a great deal of hand-weeding, and cannot be 
dealt with to any great extent by the hoe ; they are set out to 
about 3 or 4 inches apart, and it is considered essential to have 
them at regular intervals. When they are grown at greater dis- 
tances they become coarse, and are not so marketable. The crop 
is harvested either by digging or pulling up. The Intermediate 
sort goes to the Glasgow market in bunches about the end of 
August or the beginning of September ; and the Altrincham 
is sometimes stored in pits, but sometimes left in the ground 
all the winter, where they will keep very well in ordinary seasons, 
with a little covering of earth put on by the drill-plough. They 
are not safe in the ground, however, with such severe weather 
as was experienced towards the end of 1870. 
Wheat. — The potato-land is ploughed, with a shallow furrow 
of about 5 inches, in October ; and the turnip-land is simi- 
larly treated as soon as the roots are stored. Wlieat is sown 
very soon after ; a drill is preferably used if the land is in good 
order, but a broadcast sower is generally resorted to on the 
heavier land. Until the last few days of October, about 2 bushels 
of white wheat, generally Woolly Rough Chaff, or sometimes Red 
Chaff, is distributed per acre, and then a light harrow is passed 
over the land just to level the surface. As the season advances, 
or when the land is not in the most satisfactory condition, the 
allov/ance of seed is increased. When turnips are not stored 
