190 Report on some features of Scottish Agriculture. 
meal, but preferably the first-named, unless beans are too dear, 
Avhen mixed kinds of meal are substituted. Linseed cake is 
occasionally given at this time to cows beginning to run dry, and 
also in spring to those that require a little laxative. After the first 
milking, viz., about seven o'clock in the morniug, as much dis- 
tillery refuse as they can take is freely given ; and at eight o'clock' 
either oat-straw or hay (if possible). The latter is generally rye- 
grass hay off the irrigated fields to be described presently. The 
next feed consists of raw turnips or cabbages, given about ten 
o'clock, and at eleven the cows are milked for the second time. 
The afternoon meal is given at two o'clock, and consists of 
steamed meal, turnips, and draff. At four o'clock some fodder, 
generally straw in the afternoon, is placed in the mangers, and 
between four and five more draff is run in. Some turnips are 
always put in the steamed food. At five o'clock the cows are 
milked for the third time, and are afterwards made up for the night. 
During the summer the cows get nothing in the shippons- 
except a little draff in the morning, when they come in to be 
milked, except towards the fall of the year. They are then 
allowed some fodder at midday ; and in a bad season they get 
a little meal with their draff in the morning. They are kept on 
the pastures all day, but are brought up to the steading to be 
milked at about eleven o'clock, as well as at night. 
The solid manure from the shippons is sold to the neighbouring- 
farmers ; but the liquid manure is pumped to a fountain-head 
a few feet above the highest part of the farm, and distributed by 
gravitation to auxiliary tanks by two branches, which run east 
and west from the main receptacle. The pipes (2J inches in 
diameter) run underground, and are furnished with stopcocks, 
so that the manure may be shut off from any portion of the farnj 
and diverted to any other. The engine begins pumping in the 
morning after churning, and continues as required. Irrigation 
is done on the well-known Kennedy system, which at one time 
took some hold in the south of Scotland, and is probably better 
known, as it is certainly more favoured, in France and Belgium 
than it is in England. The method is briefly as follows : — 
An iron pipe is connected with the nearest tap to the portion of 
land to be irrigated ; and to this ^-inch iron pipes, in lengths 
of 6 feet, with spike and faucet joints, are connected so as to 
reach the farthest point to be dealt with. To the last piece 
of tubing a hose and jet are attached, the sewage is turned 
on, and the land " watered " by the man in charge, who has 
a boy with him to carry pipes to and fro, lay them in their 
places, turn taps on or off, and do other odd jobs. When the 
land within reach of the hose has been sufficiently saturated, 
a certain number of lengths of pipe, generally about 100, are 
