Report on the Trials of Implements at Wolverhampton. 479 
12s. Qd. per acre ; and that tho deep trenching could not have been done hy 
!iorsc-po\vcr at all." In the same trials the Woolston implements exhibited by 
Messrs. Howard cultivated heavy land twice over, at the rate of 3^ acres in ten 
hours, for a total cost of 12s. 'JJ. per acre, " while, to effect a similar result 
with the ordinary implements and horse-power, three distinct operations would 
be required, which could not be ijerformed at less than 18s. (id. per acre." The 
Judges concluded that the prize-machine was "able to turn over the soil in an 
efiScient manner at a saving, as compared with horse-labour, on light land, of 
2i to 25 per cent. ; on heavy land, 25 to 30 per cent. ; and in trenching, of 80 
to 85 i^er cent. ; while the soil in all cases is left in a far more desirable con- 
dition and better adapted for all the purposes of husbandry." At the Can- 
terbury trials in 18(i0, tho Judges went very fully and elaborately into the 
economical comparison between steam and horse power. " Throughout the 
whole of the trials," they reported, " the quality of the work done was very 
satisfactory. This point, however, we look upon as secondary to the more 
important question of the application of steam-power to the cultivation of the 
soil ; as when we are in possession of a well-arranged system of steam-power, 
we can make use of any form of implement we i)lense to act upon the soil." 
On a strong loam; with an indurated gravelly subsoil, the land in some places 
strongly held together by "indigenous herbage," Messrs. Fowler's machine 
ploughed at the rate of 11 acres in ten hours, at a total cost of 4s. %d. per 
acre, allowing 15 per cent, iipon first outlay for repairs and depreciation, and 
5 per cent, for interest, and assuming 200 days' work to be done in a year; 
and Messrs. Eobey and Co.'s machine ploughed at the rate of 5f acres in ten 
hours, at a total cost of 6s. 8c?. per acre. The average draught of a good horse- 
jilough turning similar furrows in the same parts of the field was found by 
dynamometer to be 6 cwts. Then, according to the valuable tabulated calcu- 
lations of Mr. J. C. Morton, the Judges say, " the average cost of horse-power 
on a farm may be taken at Qd. per cwt. drawn 2h miles. In ploughing an 
acre of land with a 10-inch furrow, the plough has to be drawn about 10 miles ; 
consequently the draught, 6 cwts. x by the distance 4, x by the cost per 
cwt., Gd, gives 12s. per acre as the minimum cost of ploughing an acre of the 
land in question by horse-labour ; which, indeed, was the estimate given by 
practical farmers on the ground during the trials. The comparison, then, 
between steam and horse ploughing is largely' in favour of the former on ground 
offering such resistaoce. The least efBcient of the comi^eting machines (Beard's) 
showed a saving of Is. lOd. per acre, or 15 per cent ; Eobey and Co.'s and 
Eddington's showed a saving of 5s. id. per acre, or 45 per cent. ; while 
Fowler's work was done at a saving of no less than 7s. 6d. per acre, or 68 per 
cent, less than by horse labour." Now that we are by no means afraid of a 
iield-engine working up to 180 lbs. or 200 lbs. pressure, it is worth noting, that 
in the Canterbury Report, the Judges recorded the pressure of Eobey and Co.'s 
steam as 50 lbs. on the square inch, and reckoned the effective power of the 
engine at 28 horses ; and reported that Messrs. Fowler's double cylinders of 
Ts inches diameter, with 12-inch stroke, worked at a pressure of 08 lbs., giving 
off at 140 revolutions per minute SoJ-horse power, after allowing three-tenths 
for friction. Inventors had increased their power at the Worcester meeting in. 
1863 : the pressure in Mr. Savory's and Messrs. Fowler's engine running up to 
100 or 105 lbs. ; and at Newcastle, next year, the Judges recorded with repre- 
hension that, in both Messrs. Fowler's and Messrs. Howard's engines the 
pressure of steam ranged between 105 and 115 lbs. Among the greatest per- 
formances at Leeds, in 1861, Messrs. Howard's 10-horse engine cultivated a 
strong and stubborn soil, 5 to 6 inches deep, at the rate of 6f acres in ten hours, 
at a computed cost of 6s. 8d. per acre. Messrs. Fowler's 12-horse engine culti- 
vated the same soil, 7 inches deep, at the rate of 6j acres in ten hours, at a 
total cost of 7s. 2d. per acre. In land where the ploughing of a single furrow 
