Farms and Villages. 
45 
total resistance to pumping will be 50 feet -f 22 feet = 72 feet, 
but under such a pressure a man would not be able to pump 
2*8 gallons per minute. As direct calculation is impossible, 
we must make a guess, and as the quantity pumped will be 
less than 2*8 gallons, the friction of the pipe will be also less, 
let us take it at 12 feet. Then the vertical lift will be 50+12 
= 62 feet and the water pumped per minute will be 
62x10 
= 2*2 gallons, which, by the diagram, corresponds to a gradient 
of 1 in 150, or an extra pressure of 13 feet, which is within a 
foot of what we guessed and near enough for practical purposes. 
A man can do 1,200,000 foot-pounds in ten hours of pump- 
ing ; this, at 70 per cent, duty, will be 840,000 foot-pounds of 
water lifted ; hence suppose the water has to be raised a dead 
height of 50 feet, with about 13 feet 6 inches allowance for 
friction, he could raise 13,200 lbs. of water, or 1320 gallons, for 
his day's work, therefore a moderate-sized house, consuming 
500 gallons per day, would keep a man pumping nearly four 
hours per day, and at 3s. per day, the water would cost nearly 
2*. 6d. per lOOO gallons, a rather costly luxury. If the water 
had to be pumped more than 50 feet high, the number of hours' 
work would be increased in proportion, and the size of the pump, 
or its speed, would have to be so regulated as not to overpower 
the man. At steady work, such as pumping, a man cannot use 
a greater effort than about 14 lbs. on a winch-handle at a speed 
of 150 feet a minute, which would correspond to about 20 turns 
per minute of a 15-inch handle ; and short intervals of rest would 
have to be allowed. 
In selecting a hand -pump, care must be taken to fix the size 
in proportion to the lilt, so as to get the best advantage out of 
the man's labour. Hand-pumps have generally a 6-inch stroke, 
and supposing a man works at 30 strokes a minute, the follow- 
ing table will be a guide : — 
To lift not more than 68 ft. the barrel should be 2" dia., 122 galls, per hour. 
» )) )j 43 „ „ „ 2^ „ 195 „ „ 
» >! ») 30 „ „ „ 3 „ 273 „ „ 
Open-topped hand-pumps vary in price from 11. 6s. for a 
2^-inch barrel to 4/. As. for a 5-inch, and force-pumps from 
21. lbs. to 4/. 12s. for the same sizes. If brass barrels are 
required the prices are somewhat higher. Double-acting pumps, 
or double-barrelled pumps actuated by cranks arranged in self- 
contained cast-iron frames, cost from 15/. to 30/., according to 
the size. 
