68 
On Water Supplies suited to 
derangements only affect the packings of the buckets and the 
valves. In such cases the bucket can be drawn through the 
stand-pipe, and the foot-valve, which must be arranged for the 
purpose, can be hooked up and drawn out through the barrel 
and stand-pipe in the same way. The arrangements described 
are very costly, but are indispensable if a trustworthy supply is 
to be assured. 
Pumps, suitable for deep wells, can be made single, double, 
or treble ; the last are the best, because they deliver with the 
greatest uniformity, and work most smoothly. They can be 
worked by any of the motors I have described, either direct or 
through the intervention of belts and gearing. 
So much depends upon the circumstances of each case, that 
it is impossible to give any useful figures as to the cost of deep- 
well pumps. 
With respect to the prospects of finding water in any locality, 
the geological features of the county must be studied, and above 
all, as much information as possible must be obtained as to 
existing wells in the neighbourhood. With the aid of an 
ordnance map it is generally possible to reduce the water levels 
in the wells to the ordnance datum, when it will be seen 
whether the surface of the subterranean water has any general 
slope, and, when that is ascertained, the depth at which water is 
likely to be found in any locality may be estimated with some 
confidence. 
It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the geological 
features favourable to finding water. Local knowledge will 
give ample information as to the prospects of sinking 
shallow wells ; deep ones are too costly and too uncertain to be 
resorted to, except in cases where it would be worth while to 
obtain competent professional advice. 
Some wells of scanty yield yet provide sufficient water at 
an average rate during the 24 hours, but to avoid incessant 
pumping they should be sunk deep enough and should be made 
of sufficient diameter to hold three days' supply, by which (neans 
the pumping engines need only be worked at the three days' 
interval. The cost of wells depends upon the depth, the nature 
of the ground and the price of bricks — about 30s. per foot deep 
may be taken as an average ; but there is usually no difficulty 
in getting local well-sinkers to contract for them. 
I have endeavoured in this paper to lay before the readers 
of the ' Journal ' the various means by which a good supply of 
water can be assured in almost any locality. Any one standing 
in need of such provision will be able to form an opinion as to 
the best source to go to, and the most advantageous means of 
working to adopt ; then, having come to a conclusion, he can 
