in Northumberland and Durham in 1887. 607 
ploughed a second time. If possible it is ridged in the winter, 
but this year that could not be done. The land is worked as 
often as necessary with a scuffler, which goes to the bottom of 
the farrow. If necessarv, the clods are broken by repeated 
" scrubbing," and the rubbish is removed. It is then ridged 
(called "drilled " in Northumbriaj, and the manure is applied, 
the ridges are split, and the seed immediately sown. The 
manure applied to the swedes in the present year was — 
16 loads (about 15 cwt. eacL) of rotten farmyard-dung. 
2 cwt. bone-meal. 
2 „ dissolved bones (guaranteed). 
2i „ mineral superphosphate. 
One portion of the field sown with yellow and white turnips 
received this year 
14 loads of yard-dun?. 
7 cwt. bone-meal, dissolved bones, and mineral superphosphate in 
equal quantities. 
The other had 5 cwt. pigeon-manure and 5 cwt. of dissolved 
bones, bone-meal, 'and superphosphate. This pigeon-manure 
is bought of men who go about collecting it ; it costs 31. a ton. 
It is kept from six to twelve months before using, and having 
Ijeen covered over with ashes, it is turned two or three times 
and thoroughlv mixed. It is considered bv Mr. Angus the best 
manure he can use for turnips. It has been already said that 
all the turnips have to be removed. The crop is followed by 
Wheat, Barley, or Oats, according tc circumstances. This 
year no Wheat could be sown at the proper time, which should 
not be later than January. This second Corn crop is followed 
by a second Root crop, which gives an opportunity for a 
thorough cleaning of the land. With the third Corn crop Seeds 
are again sown, and the round is completed. 
To recapitulate briefly, the course of cropping is this : — 
1st Year. 
2nd Year. 
3rd Year. 
4lh Year. 
Two to Six Years. 
Turnips 
or Swedes 
Corn 
Tumip.s 
or Swedes 
Com 
Seeds. 
Oats 
The most noticeable feature of the preceding schedule is the 
very small breadth of corn. A reference to the Table (p. 592) 
will show that, taking the average of Northumberland, 42 per 
cent, of the arable land is in Corn : but on this farm there is 
only 32 per cent., while nearly one-half of the arable is in 
Artificial Grasses. 
