the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition. 
79 
Tliomas Yeandle, of Stratford, Ontario, showed a good General Purpose 
Plough. The share, of wrought iron, has a considerable clearing space under- 
neath ; the mould-board takes ground only at the end. The sole is of steel, 
with J inch on the ground ; total width of sole 2J inches, with 3 bolts. The 
land-side is so made as to allow of adjustment as the surface wears away; 
the mould-board is also adjustable. Mr. G. Wilkinson, of Aurora, Canada, 
showed single, double, and treble-furrowed ploughs. 
It would be decidely an omission to pass over the contributions of Sweden 
in this department made by two manufacturers, viz., E. Klundth, L.P., of 
lljelmafors, Ulricehaum, and the Gothenburg Machine Manufacturing Corn- 
/, in the examination of which 1 was ably assisted by the Chief Commis- 
sioner, Mr. Dannfelt, whose interesting papers on 'Swedish Dairy Factories' 
appeared in this Journal for 1870 and 1872. E. Klundth exhibited six 
ploughs : material excellent, strength great, and price low — 11 and 12 dollars 
each — due to the [comparative cheapness of both material and labour. Four 
, of them were for Russia, furnished with vertical friction-wheels behind the 
land-side, and projecting ' of an inch below ; so as to take the whole bearings. 
There was also a small wheel behind the mould-board, the body being cast 
in one piece with the land-side. Another peculiarity is that the land-side is 
prolonged, and occupies a space between the share and the mould-board ; an 
arrangement which is considered to give greater strength. The share is of 
wrought iron, steel laid ; mould-board wrought iron ; the beam and handles 
are one piece. The Russian ploughs are made for dry, friable soil. The two 
remaining exhibits were similar in construction, only without the friction- 
wheels, the soil of Sweden being generally strong and wet. 
The Gothenburg Company showed a large collection of Ploughs. These all 
had split beams with strong frames ; the handles separate from the beam. The 
form of mould-board, on the old Scotch model, was good; but in general 
construction these ploughs were not so strong as the first described. The 
handles were well braced. Eight hundred men are constantly employed by 
the firm, whose operations are very extensive. 
Cultivators and Hoes were shown in great numbers, and of 
many different forms. The form of the cultivating-blade, how- 
ever, is pretty uniform, viz., a common steel cutter with pointed 
ends, which are often made uniform at top and bottom, so as to 
be reversible. These implements attain their greatest perfection 
in connection with the cultivation of Indian corn, for which very 
efficient machinery is required, inasmuch as success depends 
upon the surface being clean and deeply pulverised. From the 
period when the hills are visible, and even before the plant breaks 
ground, if check-rows have been made, the cultivator must be 
constantly at work, and it is no uncommon thing to see three or 
four hoes or cultivators at work in the same field. The larger 
machines are for two horses drawing from a pole. 
3Iessrs. P. P. Mast and Co., of Springfield, Ohio, make an excellent 
machine, with a shifting seat, to be used either for walking or riding. It is 
necessary to work the soil close up to the plants, which are guarded from injury 
by means of shields, which hang down from the frame and travel on the 
surface of the land. In this case the shields consist of rotating toothed-wheels. 
Each frame to which the hoe-standards are attached is hung by a chain from 
the top of an upright standard. The hoe-standards are jointed to the frame, 
and braced by iron bands passing through the standards, and secured by a 
