82 
Report on the Agricultural Implements at 
how rapidly and completely the temperature can be affected, either reduced in 
hot weather or raised if necessary in cold weather. 
Churns were shown in great variety. No trial was practicable, and therefore 
I shall only allude to one or two exhibits. It is satisfactory to see that makers 
have abandoned the idea of making time the chief object of their inventions : 
very rapid churning is not, as a rule, economical. Another point is that 
cream may be subjected to too rapid and too violent action, whereby the fatty 
globules are broken, and the quality and keeping properties of the butter 
injured. All the power-churns shown were on the old barrel principle with 
fixed dashers, and, in two at least of the hand-churns, the agitation is secured 
by the motion of the box itself without the aid of fans, dashers, &c. The 
Oscillating Churn shown by G. T. Elsworth of Baire, Massachusetts, consists 
of a square box set on an oscillating table. The crank-shaft, by the revolutions 
of which the oscillations arc secured, is furnished with two fly-wheels about 
30 inches diameter which secure steadiness. The action is remarkably steady, 
and though I had no opportunity of experimenting I formed a very favourable 
opinion. The box is easily cleaned out. 
Messrs. Cornish and Curtis, of Wisconsin, make a Rectangular Churn. The 
box, which is of ordinary square shape, is set on the frame cross corner wise, and 
consequently, when made to revolve, an irregular jerky motion is secured ; 
having no dashes, this churn is easily kept clean. 
J. Tingley, Philadelphia, exhibited a Barrel Churn on the old dash principle, 
i.e., the barrel is fixed and the dashers revolve, being put in motion by turning 
a crank-handle. The peculiarity of this churn is that it is hinged to a 
standard, supported whilst in action by a movable stay or bracket. The lid, 
which is at one end, is secured by a contracting band. In order to fill the churn, 
all that is necessary is to remove the bracket and turn the barrel down. It 
is also as easily cleaned out. 
The improvement in Butter-working machines which was evidenced in 
several of the exhibits is considerable. I draw attention to a Power and 
Hand Machine. The former exhibited by P. Shaw of Scituate, Massachusetts, 
is commendable both for simplicity of construction and efficiency of action. 
The apparatus comprises a vertical 
Fig. GS.— Shaio'sButter-iDorMng screw-press working in a strong 
Machine. frame, which has an up-and-down 
motion communicated to it by a 
cran k underneath , wh i ch is not seen 
in the illustration (Fig. 65), and a 
revolving circular table adjustable 
by the operator's hand as to position 
in reference to the press. This 
table revolves upon and forms the 
top of the butter-milk receptacle, 
which is also an ice-box when re- 
quired. The operator revolves the 
table in such a manner as to bring 
every portion of the butter under 
the action of the worker. The 
latter is of iron tinned over, with 
a number of perforations and co- 
vered by a cloth, so that any 
butter-milk squeezed out upwards 
is absorbed by a sponge. The 
table is also covered with a cloth in which, when the operation is complete, 
the butter is removed to the packing department. These machines are made 
in two sizes, either for working by hand or power. In the former case the 
