Report on the American and Canadian Meat Trade. 313 
Population. 
Acres in Farms. 
Cuttle. 
42,856,000 
405,226,799 
28,674,582 
3,727,000 
14,550,560 
2,484,646 
Great Britain and Ireland .. 
31,205,000 
46,177,367* 
9,235,052 
In the great dairying States of the Union (namely, New York, 
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, more particularly) calves are 
reared much in the same way as in England. Where milk is 
valuable for cheese and butter making, it is naturally economised 
for that purpose ; but in districts where cheese-factories have 
not yet been established, the calves are reared by allowing them 
to suck from the cows. Mr. N. P. Wisborg, of Kansas, from 
whose letter I have previously quoted, thus describes the custom 
of rearing calves which is in vogue in his section of that State : — 
" Calves are raised by allowing them to suck from the cows ; 
they are turned to their mothers twice a day, and get half the 
milk, and are kept in a separate pasture between times. After 
four months the calves are taken off and kept apart from the 
cows until the habit of sucking is forgotten, when they are turned 
out with the rest of the herd. At three years old we begin to 
feed with grain, and shove along over winter." 
In some other quarters calves are allowed to run constantly 
with their dams until old enough to be finally weaned from milk, 
and an excellent foundation is thus laid for fine well-developed 
animals. In the more northern States, such as Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, &c, where the winters are severe, these young cattle are 
more or less protected from the inclemency of the weather by 
one kind or another of natural and artificial shelter, and they 
require to be supplied with food over and above what they may 
be able to procure for themselves. Deep snows, which com- 
monly lie for several weeks, and even for months, prevail in the 
northern winters, and during these times the cattle depend 
entirely on food supplied to them by man ; but when there is 
little or no snow on the ground they can help themselves to a 
greater or less extent from the land. But in many parts of the vast 
territory which is embraced in the States of Kansas, Nebraska, 
Missouri, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Missouri, Arkansas, 
Arizona, Mississippi, Louisiana, &c, &c, the cattle can do well 
out on grass all the year round, and they require but little atten- 
tion and no feeding, for in these latitudes the winters are more 
genial. It is from these States, and others possessing similar 
* This figure, like those above it, includes grass-land, but the area under crops 
amounted only to 24,092,072 acres. — Editor. 
Z 2 
