338 Report on the American and Canadian Meat Trade. 
in I860 than any State in the Union. In proportion to population, she pro- 
duced in that year more than three times as much wheat as the United States, 
raising 17 - 64 bushels for each inhabitant, while the United States raised only 
5*50 bushels for each inhabitant. She was greatly ahead even of the Western 
States as a wheat-producing country, the average production of wheat in the 
whole of the Western States being only ten bushels for each inhabitant. Of 
the nine leading staples of agriculture, common to both countries — wheat, 
Indian corn, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, peas, beans, and potatoes — she pro- 
duced 55 - 95 bushels for each inhabitant, while of the same articles the United 
States produced only 43 - 42 bushels for each inhabitant. Excluding Indian 
corn from the list, she produced of the remaining articles, 54'34 bushels for 
each inhabitant, against 16'74 bushels for each inhabitant produced in the 
United States. In proportion to population, she had more capital invested in 
live stock than the United States, the value of live stock owned in Ontario 
being $38 - 13 per head of the population, while in the United States it was 
$34*64 per head of the population. For every hundred of the population, 
Ontario owned 27 horses, and the United States only 20. For every 
hundred inhabitants, Ontario owned 32 milch cows, and the United States 
only 27. For every hundred inhabitants, Ontario owned 84 sheep, and the 
United States only 71 ; of live stock, in the number of pigs only was she 
exceeded by the United States, in proportion to population. In 1860 she pro- 
duced 19 - 22 pounds of butter for every inhabitant, while the United States 
produced only 14 - 62 pounds. In the same year she produced 2'62 pounds 
of wool for each inhabitant, while the United States produced only 
1"92 pounds. In the nine years from 1851 to 1860, she increased her annual 
production of butter by 67 per cent., while in the United States, in ten 
years from 1850 to 1860, the increase in the production of butter was 
only 46J per cent. And in nine years she increased her production of wool 
40 per cent., while in ten years the United States increased their production 
of wool only 15 per cent. 
The foregoing information is issued with the authority of the 
Government of Ontario. 
Mr. Dyke has also informed me, by letter, that " very large 
quantities of meat and cattle are exported via the United States, 
on account of cheaper freights, and that the Canadian ports are 
closed during the winter months. The steamers plying to 
Quebec in summer, run and take Canadian freight (in bond) from 
American ports in winter, such as Portland, Boston, Baltimore, 
Philadelphia, and large quantities of Canadian meat, cattle, 
and horses are also shipped from New York, which, upon land- 
ing here are all called American, much to our loyal Canadians' 
disgust. The export trade is of far greater importance to 
Canada than to the United States. Canada has few centres of 
population — Montreal, Quebec, Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton, and 
New London, comprise nearly the whole. These markets are 
well supplied by the farmers in the immediate neighbourhood, 
whilst the surplus stock of the more remote districts has been 
exported to the large manufacturing centres of the Eastern 
States, upon which a duty of twenty -per cent, has to be paid. In 
the years 1873 and 1874, 74,661 head of cattle, 571,494 sheep, 
and 14,863 horses were thus exported. It must not be assumed 
