444 The International Dairy Exhibition at Hamburg, 1877. 
acquaintance with their forms, such as may be acquired from 
the study of the Drawings illustrating this Paper, and a little 
experience in examining, with the help of a pocket lens, will 
enable the buyer to estimate the quality of the seed offered to 
him, and to separate the impurities contained in it. 
XXII. — The International Dairy Exhibition at Hamburg, 1877. 
By H. M. Jenkins, F.G.S., Secretary of the Society. 
CONTINENTAL methods of farming present many contrasts to 
those generally practised in the British Islands, and the relative 
importance of dairying is one of the most striking. In the 
United Kingdom the manufacture of butter and cheese must be 
regarded as holding a secondary position in comparison with 
the production of meat, or even of milk for immediate con- 
sumption ; but in the northern countries of Europe the efforts 
of the arable farmer are chiefly directed to supplying the raw 
material for what are termed " Agricultural Industries," meat- 
making being looked upon merely as the most profitable method 
of utilising the refuse of the dairy, the sugar-factory, the brewery, 
and the distillery. 
Thus the arable farmer in Northern Europe sends his roots, 
if he grows any, to the sugar-factory, and his potatoes to the 
brewery ; and he uses his artificial grass for grazing dairy-cows, 
while his permanent pasture is either mown to provide winter 
keep for his dairy-stock, or in certain favoured districts — such 
as the Marshes of Schleswig and Holstein — is summer-fed by 
fatting bullocks. " Stalled oxen " are chiefly to be found in the 
sheds attached to breweries, distilleries, and sugar-factories, and 
in the steadings of farmers who supply those establishments with 
their raw material, and receive back a percentage of the refuse 
substances. Exceptions must be made in favour of some of the 
most advanced and enterprising farmers who grow roots and 
feed cattle upon the English system ; but in some districts the 
dryness of the climate in summer renders this a precarious 
practice. 
The Dairy-show held last February in Hamburg was a much 
more important event than any Exhibition of that nature has 
hitherto been in England ; and it seems reasonable that the 
cause should be found chiefly in the facts just stated. At the 
same time great credit must be given to the Committee who 
undertook the management of the Exhibition for the complete- 
ness of the arrangements which they made to ensure its success. 
The Exhibition was to be international, and they therefore 
