and the Storage of Water. 
43 
stock-yards ; with stables for nag-horses and hunters ; cottages 
for grooms, foremen, &c. The supply is derived from a well sunk 
about IGO feet into the oolitic limestone, and the pumps are 
worked by a small wind-engine, with self-regulating sails fixed 
on a skeleton frame over the well. The water is forced into two 
wrought-iron tanks ; one on the top of the house for the domestic 
supply, and the other on the roof of one of the farm-buildings 
for the cattle-yard, stables, and cottages. The tanks are large 
enough to hold three or four days' supply, to allow for times when 
the wind is too still to work the engine. There is also provision 
for working the pumps by hand-labour, in case of failure of the 
motive power. The cost of the wind-engine, fixed complete, was 
45/. The cost of the pumps and tanks, being fixed at different 
times, is not exactly known, but the cost of the whole supply, 
complete, may be taken at about lOOZ. 
These illustrations are sufficient to indicate the economy and 
ease with which water may be supplied to villages and mansions. 
Where the source of supply flows at an elevation above the 
locality to be supplied, the force of gravity is sufficient to 
move the water through the pipes. When, however, it has to 
be lifted, it may be accomplished by one of the many machines 
which exist, each being more or less efficient according to the 
quantity of water at command and the fall to be obtained. 
Engines for Raising Water. — The simplest form of machine 
is the " Shadoof," which was used by the Ancient Egyptians 
for lifting the water from shallow wells or from the river for 
irrigation and water-supply, illustrations of which may be found 
on many of the ancient monuments. The use of the pole and 
bucket is still common, not only in Egypt but in many parts 
of Europe, for raising water from wells. The water-wheel was 
not unknown to the Egyptians, though it does not appear to 
have been used very generally, this and the hydraulic screw 
having been probably of later introduction.* The shadoof 
consists simply of a pole Avorking on an axis. The pole is 
weighted at one end and a bucket is attached to the other. The 
illustration (Fig. 6, p. 44) shows the method of raising the water 
from the river by a series of steps. 
The simple contrivances used for working saw-mills and other 
machinery in hilly districts, where a wooden trough carried on 
tressels brings the water from the neighbouring stream to the top 
of a large wheel, with buckets formed on the periphery, shows 
how ready the mechanic is to take advantage of all available 
resources for working his business in preference to employing 
that most expensive and troublesome of all motive power — 
• ' The Ancient Egj-ptians.' By Wilkinson. Blunaj-, 1874. 
