and the Storage of Water. 
45 
The Ram is a simple and beautiful instrument in frequent 
use for raising water from a stream for the supply of mansions 
and gardens. It requires very little fixing and occupies only 
a small space. It supplies at once the motive power and the 
pump, without the aid of any other force than that produced 
by the momentum or moving force of a part of the water to be 
raised. So great is this effect, that a moving column of water 
will overcome and move another column 30 times the height 
of the waterfall by which it is raised, with a waste of only from 
30 to 40 per cent, of the actual power of the water employed. 
For example, with a fall of 5 feet, 7 gallons of water only will 
be required in the best form of ram for every gallon raised 25 
feet ; or, with a 10-feet fall, 14 gallons will be required to raise 
1 gallon to a height of 100 feet above the ram ; and so in like 
proportion as the fall or rise is increased or diminished. These 
machines will go on working night and day without attention, are 
simple in construction, and seldom get out of order. To estimate 
the quantity of water that a ram will raise from a strearn, it is 
necessary to multiply the number of gallons of water available 
from the stream per minute by the height in feet through which 
the water falls before it acts on the machine, and by '70, to allow 
for loss in working the ram ; then to divide the product by the 
height in feet to which the water has to be raised, and the result 
will be the number of gallons which the ram will raise per 
minute. The illustration (Fig. 8, p. 46) gives a section of the ram, 
showing the working parts. The water, escaping through the 
supply-pipe with a velocity due to the height of the fall, forces 
