220 Reclamation of Bog and Moorland in Galway. 
reduced to 110/., but the tenant died in 1865, and the land is- 
now occupied by the owner. Beach-farms are of great value to 
a grazier for the summer-grazing of stock. For the privilege of 
turning out a cow on such land cottagers pay Is. ^d. per month. 
During winter the cattle are kept alive on the black sedge that 
grows in the valleys. Calves are reared and kept in the cot- 
tages till they are one or two years old ; they are then sold either 
to small graziers, or direct to the larger graziers, who drive their 
herds of cattle to the fairs, or sell them to jobbers, either for the 
English market or to go into Leinster, where they are fattened 
on grass and turnips. The graziers in Connaught do not aspire 
to fatten their cattle ; their object is to " warm " them upon the 
beach-farms, so that they shall be strong enough to be driven to 
the fairs. At the end of an average winter but few of the cot- 
tagers' cattle are in a condition to be driven any distance. 
The average prices obtained by the cottagers are, for cattle at 
twelve months old, 2Z. to 3/. ; at two years, 5/. to 6Z. 
Graziers with small herds will obtain for two-year-olds 6Z. t» 
7Z., and for three-year-olds, 8Z. to 9Z. After they have been 
warmed on the large grazing-farms, four-year-olds will fetch 
from 13Z. to 16Z. 
The best turnips upon the estate have this year been grown 
at Mullaghglass, averaging more than 18 tons per acre. 
As the land of this farm, however, Avas formerly under spade- 
tillage, it is not a fair example of the reclamation of waste 
land, and it will therefore not be worth while to enter fully into 
the details of its cultivation. 
The following is an abstract of the amount spent during the 
last two years in farm-labour upon this farm, and upon the one 
which will be taken next in order and with fuller details. 
Abstkact or Farm Labour. 
Three Months endin" 
Mulh>ghglass, 
Nos. 1 to 10. 
Tooreena. 
Nos. 20 to 28. 
£ 
(/. 
£ 
s. 
(7. 
1875 31st December .. 
.55 
19 
4 
97 
12 
U 
187G 1st April .. .. 
73 
6. 
7 
72 
10 
4"^ 
, , 1 st J uly 
76 
7 
5 
159 
13 
5 
, , 30th September . . 
118 
10 
9^ 
171 
15 
, , 30th December . . 
81 
5 
10 
121 
m 
1877 31st March .. .. 
82 
13 
C 
79 
3 
9 
,, 30lh June .. . 
101 
18 
7 
174 
9 
OJ 
, , 29th September . . 
140 
2 
11 
1G6 19 
3J 
,, 29th December .. 
132 
12 
9 
74 
1 
4 
Total 27 months .. 
S62 
17 
8J 
1117 
14 
7 
