362 = 96 
English Land Law. 
the creation of the Tenancy. — Under this head come the tenant's 
undertaking to pay the agreed rent, to insure the farm-buildings, 
to keep in repair, not to commit waste, not to assign or under-let, 
and to give up possession when the term is by effluxion of 
time or in any other way determined. Of these it is only 
necessary to say that they are either implied by the law, and 
inserted only as a matter of prudence, or else so usually required 
that their omission from the instrument creating the tenancy 
occurs only in exceptional cases. The common stipulation 
against breaking up old grass-land, being intended to insure 
that the land shall be given up in the same state as that in 
which it was taken, may also perhaps be classed under this 
heading ; though from another point of view it may be regarded 
as belonging to that group of conditions which prescribe the 
mode of cultivation. It is generally considered unsafe to omit 
a clause to this effect, unless the tenant is thoroughly to be 
relied upon ; but, like all restrictive covenants, it is no doubt 
prejudicial to the interests of an honest and enterprising occu- 
pier, though the landlord may have good reasons for insisting 
on it. The covenant against assigning or under-letting the 
subject of demise, though generally regarded as essential, is not 
included in a provision for all usual covenants, and must bf 
specially stipulated for. The most general mode is to provide 
that the term shall be forfeited, and the landlord acquire a right 
of re-entry, upon any assignment or under-lease by the tenam 
without his license in writing. It is obviously essential to the 
protection of the landlord's interests that his land shall no 
be allowed to pass into the possession of a stranger, of whos< 
solvency and agricultural skill he is entirely ignorant. 
C«r«n»utB as 2. Covenants which regard the Mode of Culture. — These refer 
husbandry, fj^gt, to the rotation of crops and manner of tilling generally 
and secondly, to the obligation which is very generally impose( 
of consuming upon the farm all the hay, straw, and green crop 
produced, so as to insure their return to the soil in the shape c 
manure. Of those which come under the first head, the limit 
of this paper will allow only a brief mention, but it may be sai 
that they vary in different parts of the country more tha 
perhaps any other of the usual terms of tenancy. Crops fc 
this purpose may be regarded as belonging to four main classei 
white or corn crops, fallow, seeds, and forage. A certain amoui 
of rotation is secured by agreeing that these shall follow eac 
other in a prescribed order, white crops and crops grown for sec 
being regarded as exhausting to the land and the others as ben< 
ficial. A four years' course is the most regular, but a shorter rot; 
tion is sometimes adopted, and in rarer cases, a five-yearly or evr 
a six-yearly course of crops is prescribed to the tenant. Tl 
