498 = 232 Practical Agriculture. 
where the prevalent herbage of a lot of grass-land, perhaps 
a few miles from the home farm, may prove a corrective to the 
laxative or other qualities of the grass on the home farm. Ir 
autumn an aftermath is often provided, to which the 3 000^ 
stock may be taken as the old pastures begin to lose thei; 
freshness. When the aftermath, too, falls off, recourse is hac 
to more oil-cake and other artificial feeding stuffs. 
Wintering As autumn approaches, the young animals are housed a 
calves. night, the shelter consisting of open yards, well bedded, witl 
sheds into which the calves can retire at pleasure. Indeed 
this is the sort of accommodation that calves and yearling 
should enjoy through the winter, in preference to closed U] 
stalls or boxes. I am sorry to say that the essential requi 
sites of air and exercise are but little considered over wid 
areas of this kingdom ; and farm buildings are, as a rule, cor 
trived without due regard to the wants of the young animal; 
A common error with architects being the notion that calve 
and yearlings should be kept warm, without allowing for thei 
freely moving about and respiring uncontaminated air. As 1 
the winter food of yearlings, they are too often injured by a 
injudicious use of straw-chaff; though straw might be employe 
much more largely than at present in the feeding of adu 
cattle. One of the best managers of stock gives to each of h 
yearling cattle 25 to 40 lbs. of roots, 6 to 8 lbs. of chaff, and 1 F 
of linseed-meal or oil-cake, with 1 lb. of oats, barley, maiz 
or other corn, according to the price ruling in the market at tl 
time. This is boiled or steamed with the pulped roots ar 
chaff. 
The summer grazing of young and store cattle, is treated 
under the head of " Pastoral and Dairy Farming." I come nc| 
to that fundamental branch of all arable husbandry, exceptin 
on some classes of small farms, meat-making and manui 
making at the homestead. 
Open )-anls for Winter Housing and Feeding of Cattle. — The* old practi 
of feeding cattle loose in open yards, or tied by the neck 
semi-open sheds or hovels, prevails to a large extent in Englar 
notwithstanding all the experiences of late years with boxes a 
covered yards. Of the non-nitrogenous food consumed by war: 
blooded animals, chemistry tells us that a considerable proportiis 
is expended in maintaining the natural heat of their bodies— I 
is so much fuel dissipated by a process strictly analogous] 
combustion — and that fat, accumulated under certain circuf 
stances, may be regarded as a store of fuel laid up for fntil 
emergencies. Of course it is apparent that if fatting cattle • 
exposed to a low temperature, either their progress must j 
retarded, or an additional expenditure of food be incurr 
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