Practical Agriculture. 
613 = 5-/7 
one, various hybrids and tankards being the sorts occupying a 
ajor portion of the root area, with a smaller proportion of swedes ; 
' ile, of late years, the growth of mangolds and of kohl-rabi has 
iided. The yard-manure is applied both to the root-crops 
id to the barley-stubble for the benefit of the growing seeds. 
)me farmers dress the seed layers in preparation for wheat, 
iminff and claving are of less value on the limestone than on 
'e chalk soils : but deep ploughing or subsoil ploughing have 
■en practised, where the staple is not too light and porous, to 
•epen the soil bv disintegrating the subjacent rock. 
The chalk Wolds, formerly in open field or rabbit-warren, The Wolds 
ere inclosed chiefly during the early part of the present cen- 
'rv ; the gorse was grubbed, the rough thin sward burned, and, 
ith the exception of a trifling amount of grass-land, nearly the 
ole tract is in large farms, with spacious fields bounded by 
: whitethorn hedges. Chalking, the application of white or 
Lie marl, boning, and manuring with sheep, made of the thin 
il, often only a few inches in depth, a soil of proper texture 
id capacity for growing turnips and corn. The chalking and 
arling are still repeated at intervals of a few years ; but fer- 
ity is constantly maintained by the consumption of great 
lantities of cake and other feeding-stuffs in the fold and yard, 
d by heavv applications of artificial manures. Nominally, 
e four-course rotation of cropping prevails ; but as no farmer 
n impoverish land which must be enriched year by year or it 
11 yield no rent-paying and labour-paying crop, great latitude 
commonlv permitted to the tenant in departing from the pre- 
ribed system. Barley being too strong after turnips, a five- 
urse is frequently taken, namely, (1) turnips, (2) oats, (3) wheat, 
) seeds, (5) wheat ; and sometimes the course is four and five- 
Id alternately, the seeds being grazed for a second year. The 
ain portion of the farmyard-manure is used for the root-crops, 
rt on the seeds : though some farmers employ all their farmyard- 
' ng on the seeds in preparation for wheat. Extra or catch- 
■ps of green forage and late roots have been adopted to a 
lall extent, and seed-layers are sometimes broken up and sown 
white mustard, which, being grazed by sheep, are thus 
med bv the treading^. Mangolds and kohl-rabi and swedes 
splace a proportion of the white-fleshed and hybrid turnips 
'lich formerly constituted the chief part of the root-crop. 
On the strong loams and clays of the middle-marsh and the The middle 
wsh between the Wolds and the coast, are many small occu- marsh, 
jtions, on which the rotations of cropping are very irregular, 
ire fallowing is practised to a considerable extent ; but, with 
im-cultivation, roots, tares, cabbages, and other green crops, 
\ e been increased in area. In the central vallev, on the limited 
