Practical A(/riculture. 
615 = 54i? 
The chalk Wolds, rising to altitudes of 500 up to 800 feet SoiU. 
ve the sea-level, sever the Riding in a curving direction 
jin the Humber estuary on the south, through the centre and 
(und to the north-east, terminating in the cliffs of Flam- 
)rough Head. On the high Wolds, or elevated table-land, 
(luvial deposits form a generally deep and dark-coloured 
amy soil, occasionally with an admixture of clay ; while the 
il of the lower Wolds is like that of the same formation in 
ncolnshire, a light, friable, calcareous loam, varying from 
ree to ten inches in depth. To the west lies the Vale of 
(Ork, a district of drift-gravels, sands, and clays, with narrow 
iinds of good turnip and barley soil on the upper and lower 
'lite, and a broader belt of extremely tenacious lias clay 
irting the western escarpments of the chalk hills. East- 
ird the chalk range slopes down into the Holderness district 
boulder clay, with some sands and gravels, having alluvial 
posits on the Humber and the low flats in the interior of the 
strict. Gravel beds are found in some of the valleys of 
e Wold district ; and sand, gravel, and peat cover most part 
the Kimmeridge clay which underlies the Vale of Pickering 
)ng the northern border of the Riding. 
On the Wolds, a district of large farms and great flocks of The Wold 
eep, the fundamental rotation of crops is the Norfolk four- 
urse ; but this is departed from according to soil and circum- 
mces. On the deeper soils wheat, instead of barley, is sown 
ter turnips, instead of after seeds ; but on the thin lands, oats 
barley follow the root-crop ; and the oat-crops are more 
■quent than barley in a series of rotations, as too close a 
petition of barley is considered conducive to night-ripening in 
.e wheat. Turnips drilled invariably on the flat, with a small 
oportion of swedes and a lesser extent of mangolds sown in 
Iges, yield a heavy tonnage per acre by the aid of liberal 
essings of artificial manure; and the farmyard-manure is chiefly 
iplied to the clover-leas — by some farmers in the autumn, a 
w weeks before ploughing for wheat, but by others on the 
'Ung seeds just after the grain-crop has been harvested, 
arling and liming are extensively practised ; bones are still 
ach used, although concentrated manures have largely replaced 
em ; and it is the universal practice to consume great quantities 
oilcake and other feeding-stuffs in rearing the fattening cattle 
the yards and buildings. Two great difficulties of the Wold 
rmers, as in many parts of England, are the disease called 
kfinger-and-toe " in turnips, and the failure or " sickness" of 
e clover-crop. A five-year, six-year, or seven-year course of 
ipping is resorted to by way of remedy ; by introducing peas 
d beans, or leaving the seeds down for two years ; and mangolds 
