648 = 552 
Dairy Farmintj. 
The' lire-stock Before describing our methods connected with calf-rearin 
of the country, milk-selling, and cheese- and butter-making — the four princip 
divisions of dairy practice — it may be well to direct attention 
the several breeds of cattle from which our milk supply 
derived. Within the 2,250,000 of " cows and heifers in-milk 
in-calf," which our annual agricultural returns report in Ju 
each year as the tale of dairy-cattle in Great Britain, there a 
included more than a dozen distinct breeds. And there 
nothing which more strikingly illustrates the moulding ag 
cultural influence of varying circumstances — based partly 
differences of latitude, but still more on those differences of s< 
and elevation which are due to our remarkably various geology 
than the fact that, within the limits of our little island, and mc 
or less confined to separate localities within it, there i 
found such long-established and enormous differences as ex 
between the massive meat-carrying Shorthorns, Herefords, a 
Polled Angus breeds of cattle — the almost equally large I 
less massive Longhorns, Black Welsh, Red Sussex, and Red 
Black Glamorganshire cattle — the smaller North Devons a 
West Highlanders — the Norfolk and Galloway breeds of Pof 
cattle — and the still smaller Ayrshire breed. To these, inde 
may be added, as outlying examples, the two Channel Isla 
breeds, the diminutive piebald Shetlander (not unlike : 
Breton), the little red or black Kerry, and some others of s 1 
more local character — as the Gloucestershire, a dark-red, sor • 
times brindled cow, with black points, and the Polled Somen. 
The surprising permanence of these different types and stj i 
of dairy-stock, crowded as they are within such narrow lim , 
is, no doubt, largely due to the isolation and seclusion i 
which our agriculturists have been content to dwell. And ! 
counter-influence of freer and more constant intercourse, cor • 
quent on our extended and completed railroad system, on : 
continually widening field whence the meat and milk for mi' 
of our dense centres of population are supplied, and on the .\ 
quency and popularity of our agricultural exhibitions, will^l 
doubt, more and more be felt. It is already sfien in the 
dually extending supremacy of the Shorthorn over all other sis 
of cattle — the larger kinds especially — which are, with scJ 
exceptions, losing their distinctive character over whole coun s 
through repeated Shorthorn crosses. 
Dairv and Of those which have been named, the Shorthorns and e 
grazing breeds Longhorns among the larger breeds, and the Norfolk, the .A- 
of cattle. ii\^irc, and the two Channel Island breeds among the sinar 
— are distinctly and especially dairy cattle. The Herefo^^ 
on the other hand, the Sussex and the Devons, the Poil 
Angus, the Galloway, the black cattle of Wales and the roU 
