C>M = 388 
Dairy Farming. 
A great deal of grass-land improvement is annually done I) 
sowing 1 or cwt. of nitrate of soda, with 2 to 3 cwt. ( 
mineral superphosphate per acre in early spring, and thereaftf 
feeding off the flush of growth which is produced by sheep an 
cattle, receiving cotton-cake. Some 9 tons of nitrate of sod 
and 10 to 12 tons of superphosphate are used annually, chiefl 
in this way, and partly on the arable lands. 
On the labour question it may suffice to say that Mr. Ca 
rlngton keeps several men and boys in his house, who recei^ 
8Z. to 20Z. or 25Z. yearly, with their board and lodging. . 
cowman, who feeds and cleans 70 cattle in houses all winte 
receives 12s. a week and his keep all the year round, wit 
cottage-rent and potato-ground, and coals hauled. 
There are 50 acres of water-meadow for early spring gree 
food, 10 acres of mangold-wurzel, 10 acres of cabbage, 6 f 
turnips, and 8 of clover, with about 45 acres in straw crop 
one-sixth of the whole land being arable, and five-sixths pe 
manent pasture : and this, with a large purchase of cake ar 
India corn for auxiliary food, and of nitrate of soda and supe 
phosphate of lime for auxiliary manuring, suffices for tl 
maintenance of over 100 dairy cattle of the large stamp he 
illustrated, the fattening of a considerable number of dry cow 
the rearing of a large number of calves and yearlings, tl 
feeding of a large number of pigs, and the maintenance of 
small flock of sheep. 
If farm examples were selected from other counties, as Glo 
cestershire and Cheshire, it is probable that a much small 
proportion in the former, a much larger in the latter, would 1 
arable. In an ordinary Gloucestershire dairy-farm the dair 
cattle, about one cow to every three acres, receive nothing b 
pasturage in summer, and very little but straw, with a few turni 
and a little hay, in winter ; being thus foddered either in yar 
provided with shelter-sheds or in the nearest pasture-fiek 
A Cheshire In Cheshire the cows are brought in to shippens, and tied up 
dairy farm. stalls, receiving straw and turnips with a little hay, and are ! 
out daily to watering. The following abridged account of t 
Cheshire Dairy farm, which received the Prize of the Ro} 
Agricultural Society at their last meeting (Liverpool, 1877), j 
extracted from the Society's ' Journal ; ' and may be taken I 
another example of the best English dairy-farm management. I 
Staplcford Hall, near Tarvin, in the occupation of il/r. Jo { 
Lea, is 250 acres in extent, of which about one-half is arab 
only 70 acres, or thereabouts, however, being annually under t 
plough, the remainder being either permanent grass or .grass h f 
down by the tenant, and from two to ten years old. It lies J 
the marl of the New Red Sandstone formation, or on the grai I 
