Q5Q = 390 Dairy Farming. 
beds by which that formation is in many places covered, and tl 
soil is heavy and cool, or light and occasionally " burning 
accordingly. Mr. Lea takes an oat crop after his grass, which 
ploughed up at from two to ten years old, according to i 
condition. This is followed by a fallow crop, as mangold 
swedes, turnips, or beans ; and this by wheat and oats, in whit 
clover and grass seeds are sown. The farm-manure, with 
dressing of artificial manure, is applied to the green and fallc 
crops. An occasional dressing of bone-dust, 10 cwt. per acj 
is put on the clover. The clovers and grass-seeds very sot 
form an admirable pasture, hardly distinguishable from go< 
old grass, and they remain down as long as the tenant thin 
proper. Of the whole 250 acres, about 120 acres are in p 
manent grass, much of this being low-lying meadow-land, whi 
Mr. Lea has drained, and which he mows every year. T 
premises, of which a plan and index are given (Fig. 2, p. 1-' 
provide ample accommodation for the stock of all kinds, a; 
for their winter fodder. 
The live-stock of the farm — confined to cows,* young sto 
and pigs — include 70 to 80 dairy cows, of a useful Shortho 
type. Twenty young heifer-calves are reared each year, and 
many drafts of the poorest milkers and the older cows are sc 
off each year. The heifers are put to the bull at 16 months o 
and are brought into the herd early in their third year. Th 
are a useful lot of common Shorthorns, and are improving 
Mr. Lea's hands. For his latest purchased bull, bred by A 
George Phillips of Shropshire, he gave 52 guineas at the Bingl 
Hall Sale, Birmingham. It had taken the first prize in its cl; H 
there. The produce of the cows is about 4 cwt. of che» 
annually, besides about 20 lbs. of butter apiece ; a consideral 
quantity of the milk also being sold from them in DecemI 
and January. Both the latest and the earliest milkings tl 
go into Liverpool, at prices varying from lOcZ. to lid. a gall 
on the farm. All the earliest bull-calves are fed, and th i. 
are generally 20 to 30 fat calves sold early every spring, : ^ 
prices vaiying from 31. to 51. apiece. Besides these, upwa i 
of 400Z. is received annually from the sale of draft-cows; at,. 
* When sheep are kept with cows upon a dairy farm tlio quantity and even 
quality of tlie cheese are sure to suffer. The Litter may indeed Ix; preserved IHa, 
good management, but the former is inevitablj- injuied. Depasturiige by sbiH 
is certain so to reduce tlie quantity of the finer clovers and grnsses in tliei>i|H 
of the pasture, that the cow's nourishment and, by consequence, her produotjH 
ness also are injuriously affected. On the Prize Farm at Sta|)leford Hall, v^lH 
no sheep are kept, the cheese usually made amounts to 4 cwt. annirally PC^B 
At Waterside farm in Lanc-;ister, another prize dairy farm, on land equally g<|H 
there is a large flock of sheep maintained with the dairy stock, and the chi tH 
from cows of even superior quality is less by at least i cwt. eacb annually. ! M 
i 
