662 = 596 Dairy Farming. 
reach 16Z. to 20/., for tvvo-jear-olds. The cows rarely yieh 
anything after the first four weeks beyond suckling their calve 
on the pastures. 
A Herefordshire farm of 200 acres may have 150 acres o 
permanent grass, of which from 10 to 20 will be orchard. 1 
' Avill be stocked with, perhaps, 12 to 14 cows, of which, takin 
the account in spring, 2 or 3 old cows have been fattened, and ar 
ready for the butcher. There are 12 or 14 calves running wit 
their dams, and as many yearlings, of which 10 or 11 may be fc 
sale in the autumn, or they may be kept over another year an 
then sold — large fresh well-made young beasts, worth soni( 
times nearly 20/. apiece — and 2 or 3 are yearling heifers, to I 
put to the bull next summer, to take the place in the herd i 
the oldest cows in the following year. Of the arable land, om 
fifth may be in turnips and mangolds for winter food for tl 
cattle. These roots with the straw of the corn crops, and tl 
hay from a certain extent, perhaps 60 acres, of old grass wi 
keep the cattle, young and old, together with the small flo( 
of sheep which are also kept on the farm, until it is time 
turn them out to grass again next May. 
The Ayrshire The Ayrshire is the characteristic dairy breed of Scotland, ar 
breed. one of the most numerous pure breeds in the island. It is fair 
represented by the engraving (Fig. 5), which is a portrait 
" Jeanie," a 5-year-old Ayrshire cow, which took the first pri 
in her class at Liverpool, 1877, and was exhibited by Mr. j 
Cassell, of Gay ton, Keston, Cheshire. Of this breed I will on' 
say that the dairy produce of Scotland is almost wholly derivn 
from it ; that the area on which it is cultivated is almost who!' 
arable land, its grasses being sown for not more than three yea; 
duration ; and that it is very largely the practice in these di, 
tricts for the farmer to let his cow stock to a dairyman, call 
a " Bower," on whom the whole work rests of attendance < 
the cow, and of the dairy work connected with her — a certa 
area of (clover and ryegrass) grass-land, a certain allowance 
hay and straw, and a certain weight of turnips, being allott 
for each cow. A fair average price for cows thus let 
Ayrshire is 13/. a year. The usual allowance is 5 tons 
turnips, 280 lbs. of bean-meal, straw fodder and litter ad li 
and a little hay for a month before being turned out to grai 
and about \h acre of grass is the usual allowance for grazr 
The farmer is at no expense, except in providing a horse for 1 
" bower," who generally carts his own turnips from the field, 
fair estimate of yearlj yield from tliese small cows is 390 1 
of cheese, besides a little butter. To this is added, of com 
a certain quantity of pork derived from the consumption I 
whey. 
