Pastoral Hushandrij. 701 = 435 
ed either in fields or yards on hay or straw, with a little cake 
id turnips, during winter. It is now, however, becoming more 
ic fashion to provide a certain proportion of arable land on the 
rm, and to grow cabbages and vetches with which to eke out 
le grass in the later summer months and mangold-wurzels for 
56 in early spring ; also to give cake in considerable quantities 
' voung stock in the field and to cows in heavy milk. The 
indly treatment of dairy cattle, and the provision of good 
■od and clean water, are of course everywhere well understood 
be essential to successful dairy farming. 
4. The details of dairy management have been described, 
iven sufficient knowledge of the arts of butter-making and of 
leese-making, it may be said that cleanliness, and earnestness 
the known rules of ordinary practice are the true foundations 
success. There is one point, however, not yet named, on 
hich, more than on anything else whatever, the farmer knows 
s success to hinge — the one of all others which needs the 
tention of the master, and in which accordingly, in order to 
sure due superintendence, the master himself in many a large 
lirv district invariably takes a share of the work — and that 
mdition is that the cows be always thoroughly milked out. 
his one particular will make all the difference between profit 
id loss upon a dairy farm, more certainly than any other that 
n be named. The operation of milking is indeed becoming 
ore and more the difficulty in the way of dairy farming. And 
? who shall invent a good milking-machine will well deserve 
e wealth which it is certain to confer upon him. 
CHAPTER ON PASTORAL HUSBANDRY. 
By W. T. Careington. 
\STOEAL husbandry varies very greatly in different parts of Variations in 
ngland, in consequence of the great variations of climate and ^^-J^o^j^g 
il which exist, and which have an influence upon the kind of 
ock kept, whether cattle or sheep, and upon the mode of 
anagement pursued. Thus we find cattle kept most largely in 
e north and west of England, and in those districts where 
ere is the largest proportion of permanent grass, owing to a 
imp climate and heavy land. 
The eastern, southern, and south midland counties, where 
e rainfall is much less and where much of the land is light, 
e more especially devoted to sheep farming. 
In describing the present practice of grazing cattle in the 
