Pastoral Husbandry. 
703 = 437 
I'his sale has already exerted a marked influence on the cattle- 
reeding of the midland counties, many bulls having been pur- 
lased there for the large dairy and breeding herds of common 
lorthorns. There has also been a demand for exportation. 
I will now describe a system of rearing cattle for sale at from Roaring of 
years to 2 J years old, recording, as an example of many others, '^'''ttle for sale 
e actual practice on a mixed arable and pasture farm. Fifteen 
ry good non-pedigree Shorthorn cows are kept as a regular 
eeding herd, and about fifteen heifers calve each year, at the 
e of from 2 to 2^ years. A Shorthorn bull, of good frame and 
•sh, and of pure pedigree, is always kept, for which the owner 
es not scruple to pay from 40 to 80 guineas. The cows 
istly calve about Christmas, or in the early months of the 
ar ; their calves are all reared, and a number of young calves 
the best quality that can readily be obtained are also 
Tchased. The cows are not milked by hand ; but the calves, 
lich are kept in pens near the cattle-shed, are suckled twice 
day, two on each cow. 
The calves are early taught to eat linseed-cake and bean-meal 
I rice-flour, with hay or grass and cut roots ; if strong ones, 
len six weeks old, they are only allowed to suck once a day, 
; d extra calves are purchased and put on the cows. At three 
1 mths old they are weaned entirely from milk, and other calves 
t ie their places. The cows are well kept to increase and pro- 
! ig the supply of milk. The owner, an active and intelligent 
iin, with the help of one or two boys, makes a point of 
; ending to the suckling himself, as it requires watchful atten- 
t n. The calves from the two-year-old heifers are generally 
opped in May, and these run with their dams in the pastures. 
The more promising of the heifers, after suckling their calves 
iir or five months, are kept on in-calf to [ supply the place in 
t- regular breeding herd of cows drafted on account of age, 
i perfection, or barrenness. The remainder of the heifers, with 
t; draft cows, are dried off" and fattened. 
From 60 to 70 calves are thus reared annually ; they are kept Summer and 
i yards partially covered, and are supplied in the summer with ^^"^ter feeding 
1 sh-mown grass or clover, and 2 lbs. daily of linseed-cake and 
1 m-meal ; in the winter the allowance of cake and meal is 
i Teased to 3 lbs. each, and hay and cut straw, with whole roots, 
S)plied liberally, until the latter end of April, when they are 
t ned out into a luxuriant pasture of second-year clover or old 
g.ss, the cake being discontinued. 
(n the autumn they are brought up into stalls or boxes, and 
i with roots and straw ; and 5 or 6 lbs. daily of a mixture of 
pund corn, equal parts of beans, maize, and oats. 
[n February or March from 4 to 6 lbs. daily is given of mixed 
^OL. XIV. — S. S. 3 B 
