704 = 455 
Pastoral Husbandry. 
linseed- and undecorticated cotton-cake, in addition to the mea 
making a total daily allowance of 10 to 12 lbs. each of cake an 
meal for the last two or three months' feeding. Some ciovei 
hay is also given, and mangolds are substituted for swedes. 
The beasts are all sold by auction on the farm in May r 
' June, and for some years have realised an average of 29/. eacl 
a sum which would have been exceeded if the purchased calv( 
had been anything like equal to those bred at home. Tt 
system has been found profitable on this farm. The very liber: 
. consumption of cake and corn has produced a very valuab 
manure-heap, and has resulted in first-rate crops of corn, root 
and clover, in the improvement of permanent grass, as well : 
in a very large production of meat. 
On some farms, where a small herd of cows is kept to re; 
calves, a different plan is pursued. 
Other systems The calves are not allowed to suck, but are fed with milk, : 
of rearing first pure, and after a week or so with an admixture of Unset 
calves. ^j, Qatjngal gruel. By this means, three or four calves may 1 
brought up in succession by one cow, and, though they will n 
grow as fast as a calf having the whole of its dam's milk, thi 
may, if carefully managed, thrive very well and be reared wi 
economy and profit. 
Sweet skim-milk, with the addition of scalded or boiled li 
seed, is an excellent food for calves, nearly equal to new mil 
the oil of the linseed supplying to some extent the place 
cream. 
On some farms, well-bred Shorthorns are reared for b( 
purposes, sucking their dams, and being supplied with ext 
food as soon as they will take it. They are kept in boxes, ai 
the process of fattening is continued from birth. They s 
supplied with good hay or chopped straw and roots ; or, in t 
summer, with green fodder ; and the allowance of cake and m( 
is gradually increased. They are sold to the butcher at from 
to 24 months old. 
Diseases of Calves reared entirely under cover never suffer from the hooi 
calves. and rarely from the black-leg or quarter-ill, whic*h two diseajf 
frequently cause serious losses in the autumn and winter to the | 
who rear many calves. The hoose is due to the presence in tl 
windpipe or bronchial tubes of small thread-like worms, 1: 
germs of which are imbibed with the herbage. Lambs frequen 
sufTer from the same cause. Great irritation is caused, and i 
unfrequently death results from exhaustion. 
Quarter-ill is a peculiar form of blood-disease, which atta( 
young cattle quite suddenly : the blood stagnates, and gangrt 
seizes upon some portion of the body, generally a limb, hei 
the name of the disease, which spreads until it reaches a vii 
