Pastoral Husbandry. 
705 = 439 
)art, when death ensues. Regular good keep, avoiding any 
udden changes, or exposure to cold winds, is a safeguard 
k,gainst this disease. The plan of putting a seton in the dewlap, 
leaping up a constant slight discharge during the first autumn 
nd winter, is commonly adopted as a preventive measure. 
Large numbers of heifer- and bullock-calves are reared in the Grazing of 
old hilly districts of Derbyshire and the north of England, where "P'-'^od 
lie climate being quite unsuited to the growth of any corn, P"'*^"'**' 
xcept oats, the greater portion of the land is in permanent grass. 
The young cattle are grazed with a flock of hardy LongwooUed 
beep on the upland pastures, which in the summer and autumn 
re productive ; but as the winters are long, and it is often 
ite in May before there is a good bite of grass, the cost of 
laintaining the cattle in the winter is considerable. 
A well-bred Shorthorn bull is turned out with the heifers 
hen about 2^ years old, and the latter are sold in-calf the 
)llowing November. The steers are also usually sold at the 
ame age, and are taken into the midland and eastern counties. 
The custom of using cake or other feeding-stuffs to supple- 
lent the home-grown fodder is increasing, and results in the 
ittle attaining better growth, instead of, as was previously 
ften the case, losing in winter the condition gained during the 
revious summer. 
On some grass-farms, where there is little winter provision, 
le young cattle are purchased each year in April or May, and 
lid again the following October, leaving, in a fairly good season, 
om 21. to 4/. each for their grass-keep. Suitable young cattle 
re, however, often difficult to find in the spring ; and when the 
rospect of winter-keep is bad, they are sometimes sold for little 
lore than they cost. 
Where a farmer breeds his own stock and brings them to Method of 
laturitv, he is able to watch their development, and is far more keeping young 
, , ' . 1-1 T 1 1 1 11 cattle without 
kely to bestow pains upon their breeding than when he sells housing in 
lem young. On grazing farms, where there is little arable winter. 
ind, and therefore little straw available for litter, and in the 
lany cases where there is not adequate building to shelter all 
le cattle through the winter months, young cattle are kept out 
n the pastures with advantage wherever the land is sound and 
ell sheltered, either from good ox-fences of thorn or holly, or 
om the natural undulation of the land ; 3 lbs. daily of decorti- 
ited cotton-cake with a little fodder, in addition to the old grass 
) be picked ofT the land, will cause them to thrive much better 
lan in a badly littered yard or shed. 
Well-bred young Shorthorns, thus fed, will do thoroughly 
ell, and just as in the turnip-fold the land is manured, so the 
lastures are greatly improved by the consumption upon them of 
3 B 2 
