716 = 450 Pastoral Husbandry. 
frost without much apparent injury, do not gain in weight al r 
December, and exhaust the land to some extent whilst growii : 
they also suffer less from the attacks of pigeons, crows, ; 1 
ground game. Mangolds being very susceptible of frost, ; 1 
keeping well if properly stored, for 12 months if desired, » 
always pitted, and kept for the last eating. 
General The increase in the number, the improvements of the qual , 
aianagement of and the skilful and economical management of the flock, h e 
the flock. been deemed the chief marks of good light-land arable farmi •. 
The system of sheep- folding just described results in the ret o 
to the land, without expense of cartage, of a large quantit if 
manure ; and the consumption of cake and other purchc d 
feeding stuffs leaves the land in high condition for the succee<] g 
crops of corn and clover. The treading of the sheep is o 
found highly advantageous to all light sandy or gravelly s( 5, 
consolidating it and improving its staple. 
The adoption of this system many years ago in Lincolnsl \ 
Norfolk, and parts of many other counties, caused an imm( ;e 
improvement in the agriculture of those districts. 
Sheep on On strong-land arable farms a different system is gener y 
strong-land pursued. Except in specially dry districts, or in exceptii il 
arable farms, seasons, the roots cannot be consumed on the land where i v 
are grown, without injury to the land by puddling, and to le 
sheep from their muddy and uncomfortable lair. The gre rt 
part of the roots is therefore generally carted off the land 3r 
consumption in the sheds or yards by cattle or sheep, or i m^^ 
the clovers or grass-land. 
Fatting sheep in covered sheds, standing on slots of w (1, 
through which the manure falls into a pit below, or bedded th 
straw, thrive and fatten well for a time. In the absence of t- 
manent grass the ewe flock are kept on the seeds, some of w ch 
are kept down two or more years. They are supplied with i ra 
food sparingly before lambing, afterwards liberally. 
There is not so much difhculty in summer folding green ( ps 
on strong arable land, which is then generally drier tha in 
winter. , 
On low-lying On many of the low-lying grass-land farms, full-moi ed 
grass. ewes are purchased every autumn from light-land farms. ' ey 
are kept through the winter on the grass-land, often rece. ng 
nothing (except in snowy weather) until nearly lambing, ley 
are then fed with corn and roots until the grass is abun nt, 
when they are kept, not too thickly, upon the pastures a en 
cattle are grazed. The lambs, which are often cross-br,*», 
ram of another breed having been used to give size and 
stitution, are sold fat in the summer and autumn. 
In large towns and summer watering-places there is a iji 
