Fruit Cultivation. 
739 = 475 
<precated. Manure, either farm-yard or artificial, containing 
jtash, soda, and phosphatic elements, is applied by the best 
imagers every fourth or fifth year. 
Apple-trees are usually raised in Herefordshire, as in all other 
I ts of Great Britain, either from crab, or wild-apple, stocks, 
\ ich are preferred generally, or from stocks raised from apple- 
] )s. The stocks are put in a nursery and are grafted with the 
s t desired in about three years, and are ready for planting out 
\ en they are four or five years old, and 6 feet high.* The 
nts are carefully planted at distances varying from 30 to 
leet apart, giving from 48 to 33 trees per acre, and are well 
ced round to protect them from cattle. They are, or should 
i lightly pruned each autumn. Apple-trees which grow fruit 
f cider-making do not require so much pruning as those which 
g'W table-fruit. It may be said here that not nearly enough 
aintion is paid to the pruning of apple-trees generally through- 
o the country, and that they have been systematically neglected 
i: this respect, as their appearance indicates. The chief sorts 
0 apples grown for cider are the Foxwhelp, Red Cowarne, 
Fgloe Crab, Codlin, Brandy Apple, Cockagee, Styre, French 
1 right. For eating, — the Ribston, Golden, and King Pippins, 
( c's Orange Pippin, Margel, Court-Pendu-Plat, Court of Wick, 
I nheim Orange. For cooking, — Joanetting, Keswick Codlin, 
\ Uington, Lord Suffield, Tower of Glamis, Alfreston, Collins. 
'ears are raised upon grafted wild stocks or from grafted ^^"i is of apples 
ks raised from pips, and occasionally from grafted quince 
ks ; and are cultivated like apple-trees. Pear-trees do not y^ted in Great 
nuire so much pruning as apple-trees. The principal pears Britain. 
g wn for making perry are the Barland, Huffcap, Taynton 
Slash, and Oldfield ; and for eating, — the Doyenne d'Ete, 
Eirre de Capiaumont, Chaumontel, Cattilac, Williams' Bon 
C-etien, Beurre Bosc, Beurre Diel, Bergamot, Duchess 
(1 ngouleme, and Marie Louise. 
Tom 9/. to 14Z. is the cost of planting an acre of land with Cost of plant- 
le-trees and pear-trees, and the annual cost afterwards for rents of 
^ ' . r n 7 c 7 land, returns. 
II .ntenance, manure, and pruning amounts to irom II. to .0/. per 
a'3 per annum. Rents of orchard-land in Herefordshire vary 
lin 21. to 6Z. per acre, according to its quality ; the average 
a ual return from the fruit-trees, exclusive of the grass under- 
n th, may be set at lOZ. per acre. As much as 50Z. per acre is 
<" asionally made in exceptional seasons upon the very best land. 
before railway communication was opened up between Here- Cidtr and 
i< Ishire and the large towns of the Northern and Midland • 
Raising sorts of apples directly from pips, or seeds, is a most haphazard 
< ss; the plants in most coses revert back to their wild type, wholly or in 
■• ee. 
