742 = 4rC 
Fruit Cultivation. 
Orchards. 
is adopted as a remedy against the caterpillars ; and finel 
powdered caustic lime is thrown up into the trees, in the winte 
in damp weather, to clear away the lichenous growths that infes 
them in some situations. 
Cost of raising The expense of raising orchards, which amounts to from 10. 
to 14/. per acre, exclusive of annual interest upon the first outla\ 
and the fact that there is a general absence of any definitive rig! 
with regard to compensation to tenants, have much checked th 
increase of fruit-plantations. This applies not only to apple-tree 
and pear-trees, but also to all kinds of fruit : in a less degrei 
however, in the case of bush fruit-trees, in which the first co) 
is not so great, and a return is obtained in two or three vear 
When a tenant wishes to plant fruit-trees some landlords arrang 
to repay the whole cost with interest thereon, in the event ( 
the tenants leaving the land before the fruit-trees are larg 
enough to bear ; and other landlords agree to find trees, leavin 
the planting and future charges to the tenants. In the majorit 
of instances, however, the tenant plants fruit-trees without agre< 
ment, having confidence in his landlord. 
Planting of orchards in the "Agricultural Holdings Act," passe 
by the British Parliament in 1875, is placed in the ScliedUi 
of Improvements of the first class, for which a tenant ma 
receive proportionate compensation for his outlay up to a perio 
of twenty years after the execution of such improvements, 
this payment Avere in all cases obligatory, large additions woul 
be made to the acreage of fruit-land in this country, and gre; 
improvements in the cultivation and management of the exis 
ing acreage would also result. 
Coming now to a description of the second system, the chii 
centres of Iruit-growing upon cultivated land are the counti( 
whose names and respective acreages are given below, viz. : — 
Acres. 
Kent 13,097 
Cornwall 4,497 
Surrey 1 , 726 
Lancashire 1,974 
Each of these counties has a proportion of orchard-land prop 
included in this acreage, but the greater part is planted wit 
various kinds of fruit, and is cultivated by manual labou 
Fruit-growers here prefer not to have all their eggs in one baske 
and think it better to plant various kinds of fruit-bushes undt 
the standard trees,* that if one fail there may be a chance ( 
another being fruitful, and that to some extent there may b 
The second 
svstem, or 
growing fruit 
upon culti- 
vated land. 
Fruit-bushes 
set under 
standard trees. 
* In some places "half-standard" npple-trccs arc planted. These are basi 
shaped, upon stems of from 3 to 4 feet in height, and are very closely pruned 
keep them from overshadowing the under trees. 
I 
