836 = 570 Influence of Chemical Discoveries on 
manures, and only about 6 per cent, of that grown bv the mixture 
of the mineral manures and a large amount of ammonia-salts. 
The preceding brief account obviously can only very inade- 
quately indicate the interest of these curious illustrations of the 
domination of one plant over another in the mixed herbage of 
permanent grass-land, but it is sufficient to illustrate the power 
which the farmer has in his hand to modify, by means of properlv 
selected manures, the herbage of his pasture land, and to increase 
its produce. 
Speaking generally, nitrogenous manures increased the quan- 
tity, phosphatic and potash manures raised the qualitv of the 
pasture. 
Unfortunately, the application of artificial manures to per- 
manent pastures is often disappointing in an economical point 
of view. As a rule, no artificial manuring mixture gives so 
favourable a return as good farmyard manure, or the manure 
produced by the consumption of cake, more particularly decor- 
ticated cotton-cake, on the pasture. In many cases the most 
profitable way to improve permanent pasture is to feed off the 
grass, giving from 3 to 4 cwt. of decorticated cotton-cake per 
head of cattle ; and, on the whole, those farmers who apply farm-i 
yard manure liberally to pasture land, and grow their roots and| 
cereal crops with artificial manures, derive more advantage from 
this practice than others who apply artificial manures to pasture 
land, and common dung to cereal and root crops. 
CHAPTER V. 
Feeding and Rearing of Stock. 
The great change which has taken place in the practice oi 
feeding stock in modern times has consisted in bringing th< 
animals much earlier to maturity, by means of careful breeding 
and more liberal feeding. 
In England great attention is paid to supplyiqg the younj 
animals liberally with such foods as linseed-cake, pease, am 
bean-meal, which are rich in nitrogenous constituents. It i; 
well known that animals stinted in their youth in food of th( 
proper kind do not fatten well in after years. 
Chemistry has done already, and is still doing, good servict 
to the breeder and fattener of stock by determining the compo 
sition of nearly every description of feeding material, and inves 
tigating the physiological functions of the various constituent: 
of food in the animal economy, witli the ultimate object o 
