112 
Autumn Cleaning of Stubbles. 
5s. Ad. an acre. The scarcity of labour has since paved the 
way lor the introduction of machinery in agriculture ; this has 
lessened the cost of production, and a demand has been created 
which is not likely soon to flajf. Hence the introduction of 
grubbers, cultivators, subsoil ploughs, iScc. Of these implements 
there are so many that it becomes almost impossible to judge of 
their respective merits. Difference in the mechanical state and 
texture of the soil must rule the farmer in the selection of his 
implements, and each will bear a relative value proportioned to 
its suitability to a particular soil. Generally speaking the 
broadshare will be found to answer best on clay land, whilst 
tines or points with a lighter frame-work are best adapted to the 
more friable loams and sandstones. The limits of this essay 
will only enable us to bring before tlie notice of our readers a 
few of the most approved implements. 
Subsoil Plourjhs. — We believe these to be generally unfit for 
autumn cultivation. The expense of subsoiling is great, and 
when once done it will last for many years. From our experi- 
ence we believe subsoiling should be limited to a deep homo- 
geneous soil of considerable tenacity, and we doubt whether it 
is advisable to trench or invert the subsoil, except on a long 
fallow. In the discussion at the meeting of the Irish Farmers' 
Club, in answer to the inquiries of Mr. Harkness, John Grey, 
Esq., of Dilston, advocates the practice of subsoiling, but he 
says his experience was on a strong loam (no doubt a deep one) 
on the side of the Tweed near Berwick. Mr. Todd deprecates 
the practice, and declares that he would not on any land plough 
down couch-grass with the view of smothering it, as, says he, 
" I am of opinion that the only effectual way is to take it out of 
the land." We have seen land made so foul by trenching as to 
require the labour of years to clean it ; but we believe that couch 
may be destroyed by ploughing it in, as in the instance we have 
quoted above, if the air is totally excluded, but under no other 
circumstances. The expense of subsoiling may be stated from 
16^. to 30s. or more per acre, according to the stiffiiess of the 
soil and the depth attained. The price of Gray's, which re- 
ceived the prize at Lewes in 1852, is 6/. 15s. At Gloucester 
the prize was awarded to Messrs. Howard. 
BcntaVs Broadshare. — This scarifier has been so long before 
the public, and has met with such general approbation, that any- 
thing we may say in its praise can add but little to its deserved 
reputation. There are several sizes. The price of those which 
take 3 feet of ground is 4/. In a heavy loam with 3 horses 
they will do 4 acres per day ; the 6-guinea size will take 4 feet 
in width ; it works more steadily, but is considerably heavier in 
the draft. We Avould observe here that we tiave always found 
