118 
Autumn Cleaning of Stubbles. 
by the treadinjj at that late period, or the sowing inde- 
finitely driven off and sometimes entirely prevented ? From 10 
to 15 loads of long dung is sufficient if artificials are sown with 
the seed ; the latter are usually bones, superphosphate, and 
guano : from 8 to 12 bushels of the former, and from 1 to 2 cwt. 
of the two latter. A large dose is necessary if artificial is used 
alone. Bones are best for light, guano lor heavy land. Super- 
phosphate holds an intermediate position. The writer has seen 
the largest crops grown with farm-yard and artificial manure 
combined. Of all manures guano gives the best return for the 
original outlay. Ashes are a valuable manure for the turnip 
crop, but they are chiefly important as forming an excellent 
medium for the application of artificials in the drill. In Essex 
the earth is dug and burnt for 8f/. a cubic yard. 
Subsequent Management if a Winter, Green, or other Crop be 
employed. — On stiff soils of moderate quality there is seldom any 
gain from introducing a secondary crop between the wheat and 
turnip crop. 7 his is the reason, probably, that one seldom meets 
with a " stubble " crop except tares on this description of land. 
On the stronger clays and more easily cultivated and sandy soils, 
intervening crops may be taken with advantage when judiciously 
farmed. On the former, one crop, which may be either ersh 
turnips, rye, tares, trifolium, or rape, is all that can be expected 
consistently with clean farming ; on the latter early peas, pota- 
toes, or a combination of several of these, may be introduced. 
The land intended for tares should be ploughed with a clean 
furrow, about 3 inches in depth, harrowed by two or more turns 
of the harrow, and rolled if not sufficiently fine. Tares should 
be sown immediately after the plough, from 2 to 2^ bushels per 
acre, according to the quality of the land, and 1 peck of rye, 
beans, or oats, which assists in keeping them from the ground. 
If intended for soiling horses and cattle, they should be sown in 
September ; if to be fed off by sheep, fortnightly sowings may be 
made until the second week in November. In the former case we 
think 10 or 12 loads of good manure would have a better effect 
on the wheat stubble than if applied in the spring, but it must 
depend upon the time at the farmer's command. 
The writer recollects seeing a very fine piece of tares grown 
without any manure, and cut for the horses and cows in the yard. 
The land was then manured with 12 loads of well-rotted dung 
per acre and ploughed with a thin furrow, everything being 
carefully buried by means of a skim coulter attached to the 
plough. It was rolled with a two-horse roll, pressed, and har- 
rowed fine, and turnips of the green round variety drilled imme- 
diately with 1 lb. of ashes and 1 cwt. of superphosphate per 
