soo 
VEETEBKATA. 
LONG-HOKNED OX. 
Lancashire ones were larger, longer in tlie quarters, but with a fall behind the shoulders, and not 
so level on the chine. Whence these cattle were derived was and still is a disputed point. 
Tlie long-horns seem thus to have first appeared in Craven, and gradually to have spread 
along the western coast, and to have occupied almost exclusively the midland counties. There 
are two distinct breeds : the Smaller Cravens inhabiting the mountains and mooi'lands, hardy, 
useful, valued by the cottager and little farmer on account of the cheapness with which they 
are kept, the superior quantity and excellent quality of the milk which they yield, and the 
aptitude with which they fatten when removed to better pasture. The Larger Cravens, occupy- 
ing a more level and richer pasture, are fair milkers, although in proportion to their size not equal 
to the others ; but possess a tendency to fatten and acquire extraordinary bulk, scarcely inferior 
to that of short-horns. 
Of the various breeds of long-horns, the most celebrated are the Leicester, Derby, and Shrop- 
shire. 
THE SHORT-HORNS. 
This celebrated breed, of which there are several varieties, originally came from the continent, 
but in its present form it appears to have arisen in the counties of Durham and Yorkshire, where 
they are held to be of some antiquity, though certainly more modern than either the Devons or 
Herefords. They are the evident result of long and careful breeding, and have at last acquired 
an appearance somewhat artificial, inasmuch as many of the points are exaggerated departures 
from the standard British ox. The horns were originally turned upward ; they have now very 
often a tendency downward, with their tips pointing toward each other. The head is small and 
finely formed ; the brisket very projecting and without dewlap ; the hair soft and mellow ; the 
colors are full red and creamy white, variously mixed, and often in such a manner as to produce a 
brilliant efi"ect. Black, brown, or brindled are not recognized as belonging to the pure breeds. 
They are very showy, and amid other cattle, give an impression of superior beauty, symmetry, 
and grandeur. The oxen are inferior to the Devons for work ; the cows are excellent milkers. 
Both yield a large proportion of superior beef The chief value of the breed, however, is the 
improvement they stamp, by mixture, on other breeds. On account of their importance in this 
respect, they have been largely introduced into the United States. In general, they are called 
Durhams, as in the county of Durham they have been supposed to attain their greatest per- 
fection. 
