CLASS I. MAMMALIA.: ORDER 9. RUMINANTIA. 501 
DURHAM BDLL. 
CONTINENTAL CATTIK. 
Erery nation of Europe has its particular breeds of cattle. France lias several, well recognized 
in tliat country. Among them are those of Normandy, many of which have been imported into 
England, the stock being called Alderney Cattle ; there are also in France the Cantal breed, 
the Limousin, the Gascon, the JVivernais, &c. The island of Camargue, formed between the two 
mouths of the Rhone, and which is twenty-six miles long and eleven wide, is covered with marshes, 
abounding not only in game, but horses and cattle of fine breeds. These live almost in a wild 
state. The latter are of moderate size, the horns rather short, and the color black. It is often 
dangerous for man to meet with them; the cows are as fierce as the bulls ; they hide themselves 
with the greatest care from the observation of man. The inhabitants of Marseilles and other 
towns of France employ the bulls for bnll-fights. 
Holland, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Greece, Spain, Italy, and Russia, have their 
several breeds of cattle, each distinguished by particular qualities. In several of these countries 
there are herds which have been permitted to breed in the forests and marshes without the in- 
tervention of man, and which are, accordingly, almost as wild and savage as the original tenants 
of the woods. In the extensive forests of Spain and Portugal cattle of this kind are numerous ; 
they fly from man unless attacked, in which case they turn upon their enemy and make a furious 
charge, Avhich not unfrequently proves fatal. The bulls of these herds are driven into inclosures 
by large parties of horsemen skilled in this species of hunt ; they are then taken to the amphi- 
theaters, where they are employed for the bull-fights. The bulls of particular districts have a 
high reputation for fierceness, and when one of them is announced at the spectacle, like a "Star" at 
a theater, he draws a large and excited circle of spectators. 
In Italy there are similar breeds of wild cattle, especially in the Maremma. This is a flat strip 
of land, extending on the western side of Italy, from Genoa to Calabria, a distance of six hundred 
miles, except only that it is interrupted in a few places by hills. It reaches from the shores of 
the Mediterranean to the lower bases of the Apennines, and is from two to twenty miles in width. 
The land is fertile in the extreme, but over the whole a pestilental vapor prevails in summer, 
which makes it unfit for the abode of man. A few patches only are cultivated •• the rest is 
