•TJie tiistonj of a i'ield newly laid doimio Permaneni Grass, h 
land, which is as nearly as possible the average of the actual 
cost, and taking the artificial manures at about the average 
price actually paid, which, however, is higher than they can be 
purchased for at the present time, Table II. (page 4) gives the 
estimated outlay and money return per acre per annum over 
the whole period. 
It is obvious, from the results given in Tables I. and II., 
that a good permanent grass field has been formed from this 
arable soil, not only without loss, but with some profit. Much 
of the success is doubtless due to the purchased town dung, 
and to the comparatively little cost of cartage, owing to the 
proximity to the railway station, which is only about half a mile 
distant. 
Constituents supplied in the Manures, and removed in the Crops, 
It will be desirable, in the next place, to endeavour to arrive 
at an estimate of the amounts of some of the more important con- 
stituents supplied in the manures, and removed in the crops. 
With regard to the composition of the dung applied, we 
have to found an estimate from a consideration of the composi- 
tion of ordinary farmyard manure, and of the difference in the 
conditions of the production of such manure and of that obtained 
from town stables. 
In our estimates of the average composition of farmyard 
manure, we have taken into consideration the results of actual 
analyses made by Boussingault and by the late Dr. Voelcker ; 
and we have also calculated the composition of such manure on 
the basis of the quantity of straw and of foods which, in an 
ordinary four-course rotation, with some import of cake, will go 
to make ujd a yard of dung. The estimate so arrived at is, more- 
over, controlled by actual analyses of good box dung, made in 
experiments at Woburn many years ago. 
Of purchased town dung, however, so far as we are aware, no 
analyses have been made. It might be argued that, as straw 
is expensive, town manure would be richer in excrementitious 
matters than farmyard manure. On the other hand, the smaller 
quantity of straw used would allow more of the liquid manure 
to pass into the drains. It may also be observed that maize, 
which is so largely used as horse food in towns, contains less 
nitrogen, and less phosphoric acid and potash, than the average 
of the cake and corn used as food on the farm. Further, whilst 
the greater part of the farmyard manure is produced by animals 
which live in the sheds, or boxes, or yards, and deposit the 
whole of their excrements there, the horses in towns are out of 
