2 TIlo Histurij of a Field neivly laid down to Permanent Grass. 
In 1856 barley, and grass seeds costing 32s. per acre, were 
sown. The standing crop of barley was sold by auction for 
51. 10,s. per acre; but the grass seeds failed. Barley, and grass 
seeds to the same value, were again sown in 1857. The barley 
was sold by auction for 51. 1 7s. Qd. per acre ; but the grass seeds 
again failed. Ked clover was sown in 1858. It yielded a small 
crop that year, which was made into hay and sold for M. 5s., 
equal to 21. 2s. 6d. per acre ; and in 1859 the growing crop of 
clover was sold for bl. per acre. 
After the removal of the clover, grass seeds were again sown, 
and this time succeeded. In 18G0 and 1861 artificial manures 
only were applied. It was found that under this treatment 
leguminous herbage was very scanty ; and in 1862 some alsike 
and Dutch clover were sown, and a heavy dressing of dung, at 
the rate of 1 1 tons 1 7 cwts. per acre, was applied, with a little 
superphosphate and nitrate of soda in addition. In 1863 dung 
was again applied, at the rate of 4 tons 13 cwts. per acre; but 
in 1864 and 1865 artificial manures only, consisting of super- 
phosphate, nitrate of soda, and a little sulphate of potash, were 
used. 
The Economical Rfisidtp. 
From this time more attention was paid to the field. The 
object was to endeavour to maintain the character of the herbage, 
and at the same time to obtain as large crops of hay as was con- 
sistent with the maintenance of this condition. It was sought 
to maintain the quality by means of dung, and to secure full 
quantity by the use of artificial manures in addition, which con- 
sisted of superphosphate, and sulphate of potash, with guano, or 
nitrate of soda, or both, as nitrogenous manure. After the first 
few years the general plan adopted was to apply two or some- 
times three trucks of London dung every other year, but occa- 
sionally it was applied only every third year ; artificial manures 
were, however, with one or two exceptions, applied every year. 
The following Table (I.) shows the amounts of dung and of 
the difierent artificial manures applied, also the amounts of hay 
removed, per acre, in each of the 23 years 1866-1888 inclu- 
sive ; and the summary at the bottom gives the average amounts 
per acre per annum, both of manure applied and of hay sold, 
over the first 8 years 1866-1873, the second 8 years 1874- 
1881, and the third period of 7 years 1882-1888 ; also the average 
over the whole period of 23 years. 
Referring here to the average results only, the figures in the 
bottom division of the Table show, that the amount of dung 
applied averaged 2 tons 10 cwts. per acre per annum over the 
