2G4 On the Gron-th of Mangolds, Cahhar/es, tCc. 
last century and during tlie early years of the present one, when 
Arthur Young gave so many graphic descriptions of the state 
of English farming, and the reports of the Board of Agriculture 
were being published, even common turnips were only to a 
limited extent cultivated. The Swedish turnip had only recently 
been imported, and mangolds were altogether unknown. On 
the other hand cabbages appear to have been grown by the best 
farmers of some districts quite as much as turnips, and we find 
notices of kohl-rabi by Arthur Young, although he gives it 
another name, viz. Reynolds' turnip-rooted cabbage. 
Common turnips appear to have been first introduced into 
English husbandry in Norfolk by Viscount Townshend early in 
the eighteenth century. Kent, in his Agricultural Survey of 
Norfolk, says that he attended George I. to Hanover in the 
capacity of Secretary of State, and " observing the advantage of 
this valuable root as there cultivated, brought the seed and 
practice into England and recommended it strongly to his own 
tenants, who occupied a similar soil to that of Hanover. The 
experiment succeeded, and by degrees it gi'adually spread over 
this county (Norfolk), and in course of time to other parts of 
England, though their cultivation was by no means so general 
as it continued to be in Norfolk." This same nobleman, after 
introducing turnip husbandry on his estate at Rainham, became 
so enthusiastic on the subject that he was dubbed " Turnip 
Townshend." To his exertions appear to have been referable 
that important revolution in Norfolk husbandry to which Arthur 
Young alludes when he says: — -"For 30 years, from 1730 to 
17G0, the great improvements in the north-western part of the 
county took place which made the county in general famous."' 
The swede turnip, it appears, owed its introduction into Norfolk 
to Dr. Miles Beavor at a much later period, in 1789. 
We shall find by studying the statistics in the Government 
Returns that there have been no very great changes in the 
breadths of land appropriated to swedes and turnips, in pro- 
portion to that of other green crops, since the period when it 
became customary to give a division of them. In the northern 
part of the kingdom, where the climate is most suitable, they 
have certainly not decreased much. Mangolds, which so often 
prove the root of scarcity in backward springs, hav'e increased 
more and more in favour with the agriculturists of many 
districts every year, and, but for the large quantities of manure 
they require, would no doubt make much more extensive head- 
way on farms where swedes and turnips are so often smitten 
with mildew or club-root, or are rendered difficult to obtain at 
all in arid summers. The variation,s in the culture of cabbages, 
