as Siihstitides for Turnips. 
265 
kale, and kolil-rabi do not appear to bo great, taking the 
country generally, although in some- districts they have in- 
creased very much indeed. Catch-crops, too, owing to being 
much better adapted 'for .'certain soils and special parts of the 
kingdom, naturally increase in cultivation far more rapidly in 
some counties than others. The subjoined Table, compiled from 
the Agricultural Returns, will show the acreages of the different 
varieties of root and green crops for the whole of England in 
the years 1870, 1878, 1884, and 1888 ; the particulars of the 
tillage land, permanent pasture, and rotation grass crops having 
also been added. 
Crops 
1870 
1878 
1884 
1888 
Swedes and Turnips . . 
Cabbages, Kohl Itabi, -y 
Vetches, Lucerne, and i 
other Green Crops . . J 
Rotation Clover and Grass 
Corn Crops, iiichiding i 
Boans and Peas . . . f 
Cultivated Land, exclu- ] 
sive of Permanent ^ 
acres 
1,041,686 
299,920 
140,074 
305,424 
2,764,777 
7,570,279 
13,729,107 
acres 
1,460,973 
334,397 
163,840 
400,834 
2,785,097 
7,274,811 
13,403,235 
acres 
1,472,124 
319,379 
140,103 
383,741 
2,544,805 
0,645,139 
12,646,924 
acres 
1,391,427 
352,050 
151,061 
379,591 
2,746,903 
6,400,921 
12,348,594 
Permanent Pasture . . 
9,680,211 
11,009,580 
12,197,566 
12,615,889 
The first thing to attract observation on an examination of 
the above Table is the very considerable decline in the culture 
of swedes and turnips since 1870, the decrease, according to last 
year's returns, amounting to 250,259 acres. Is this referable 
to the enormous conversions of arable land to pasture during 
this period, or to other root and green crops having taken the 
place of swedes and turnips ? Apparently partly to one cause 
and partly to the other ; for while the entire tillage area shows 
a diminution of no less than 1,380,513 acres since 1870, 
mangolds, cabbages, kale, and all other green crops, exclusive 
of rotation grasses and turnips, have increased 137,284 acres. 
While the decrease in the turnip acreage is rather more than 
one-fourth part of the entire cultivated area, these increases in 
other root and green crops so far balance the account that the 
falling olf, taken altogether, is only one-twelfth part of the total 
decrease of the tillage area. By analysing the Agricultural 
Returns it will be found that the decrease of 1,380,513 acres is 
made up as follows ; — ■ 
