268 On the Qrdivfh of Mangolds, Cabbages, &c. 
of mustard, to be sown about the last week in August, for sheep 
feeding or for a second silage crop, as may be most convenient. 
Many cases could be mentioned of the heavy Weald clay dis- 
trict of East Sussex, and a portion of Surrey, having been greatly 
benefited by the introduction of the ensilage system. On the 
farm of IMajor Cazalet, near Dorking, 300 acres being arable, 
no roots whatever are grown, some 400 tons of green fodder 
affording sufficient silage for them to be dispensed with. Lieut.- 
Col. Coussmaker, at Westwood, Guildford, in cropping 112 acres 
of arable, depends on mangolds and Thousand-headed kale, by 
appropriating 5|- acres to each, which, with 3 acres to cabbages 
and carrots, and about 1 5 acres of trifolium and vetches, and a 
still larger area to Italian ryegrass for silage, make up his 
winter supply of succulent food, unless able to grow some swedes 
and turnip after the catch crops. On Mr. R. Whitehead's farm, 
at Old Paddockhurst, nearly 500 cattle and 400 sheep, besides 
horses, are wintered chiefly on silage, the manager, Mr. Abbott, 
giving it as his opinion that from 10 to 12 tons of silage per 
acre can be obtained at less than half the cost the growth of any 
kind of roots would entail on this kind of land. 
Even in Scotland, where the climate is so much more 
favourable to the growth of swedes and turnips than that of the 
greater part of England, and a more limited number of other 
green fodder crops are available for selection, substitutes for 
roots have been sought after for the heaviest clay districts. Mr. 
John Speir, on Newton Farm near Glasgow, grows no roots at all, 
although the extent of his arable land is 365 acres. Italian rye- 
grass appears to be the chief substitute. 
At West Shefford, Hungerford, the farm occupied by Mr. 
John Brown is a very wet heavy soil on chalk ; still he grew 
no less an area than 72 acres to catch crops last year, 50 of which 
were afterwards sown to turnips and swedes, his total acreage 
of the latter being 42 acres and of the former 37^. His method 
of cultivation is that which Mr. Frederick Street stated in the 
discussion at the Farmers' Club in November 1888, as being the 
best for making sure of a good seed-bed for swedes on a strong 
wet soil, viz. to plough only once after surface-cleaning in 
autumn, and employ the cultivator instead of the plough in 
spring. 
Among practical agriculturists Mr. Charles Howard of Bid- 
denham has always been known to hold sound views. For many 
years past Mr. Howard, although a large grower of swede turnips, 
has cultivated considerable acreages of kohl-rabi, cabbages and 
mangolds likewise. He says : " I have found kohl-rabi an excellent 
substitute for other roots. No better food can be grown for 
