as Suhstitides for Turnips, 
271 
is every reason why they shoukl alter their tactics, for silage 
answers the same purpose as roots in winter feeding for beef, 
and they might fatten more cattle. Ham breeders are able not 
only to feed off large breadths of catch crops to advantage, but 
the high feeding with oilcake or home-grown corn regularly 
pursued for a considerable portion of the flock dovetails well 
into the intensive cropping, rendering large expenditures in 
artificial manure scarcely necessary. 
In reference to opinions expressed that mangolds and swedes 
possess far more fattening qualities than cabbages or kale, it 
may be said that they differ very much not only when obtained 
from different soils and under varied conditions of culture, but 
according to the age of the roots themselves and the period of 
the year at which they are tested. Dr. A. Voelcker has, how- 
ever, laid down the rule, as ascertained after repeated chemical 
analysis, that " weight for weight cabbages and swedes possess 
nearly the same nutritive value." 
It is sometimes said that considerable expense is involved in 
removing the waste stalks and roots of kale and cabbage, but 
such certainly is not always the case. In riding over Mr. 
Robert Russell's farm on one occasion I passed a breadth of land 
where a heavy kale crop had been fed off by sheep, and the 
teams Avere engaged ploughing it and burying completely the 
whole of the stalks. Possibly, difference in soil may account 
for this. Mr. Russell occupies a hill farm on a chalk subsoil, 
but some deep bottom lands of rich natural fertility may possibly 
develop roots and stalks much larger, unless early feeding has 
been resorted to. On another point abundance of testimony can 
be adduced, that although cabbages do not stand frosty weather 
well when perfectly ripe, kale will do so under any circumstances ; 
and even supposing frosts should scotch it in the depth of winter, 
fresh sprouts would spring from the heads in February and 
March, and prove highly acceptable to young lambs. 
In fact, the custom of growing kale with swedes is becoming 
very common for this very purpose of securing abundant succu- 
lent food for young lambs. Mr. John Bai'ton, the Hampshire 
ram breeder, adopts it. Mr. AV, Jeffery, Waterside, St. Albans, 
states the advantage to be that of getting " a good picking" of 
greens for the lambs, before the swedes commence to sprout, 
Mr. J.Webster, Castlebury Farm, Ware, grows alternate breadths, 
twenty yards each in width, of kale and swedes for March and 
April feed, the lambs going outside the breach, and their dams 
clearing all up behind. For May he has a field all kale, but 
the ewes are fed mostly on mangolds supplied in the breach. 
This system of growing swedes and kale together is probably 
