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system best for it being, after seedin/^ down as large an area as 
possible to suitable grasses and clovers, to allow the layers to 
remain as long as they will bear AVell, and only plough up such 
breadths as show absolute signs of failing. 
Glancing from east to west to the borderland of South WaleSj 
Mr. llicliard Stratton, The Duffryn, Newport, affords an example 
of a practical man who is about to change his system consider- 
ably, not for the purpose of doing away with swedes and turnips, 
but to fill up the gap between harvest and the period of sowing, 
by the extensive culture of green crops for silage. 
A farmer having satisfied himself that it is possible for hini 
to grow two crops instead of one in the long interval between 
corn harvest and the sowing period for roots the ensuing year 
would naturally, of course, regard the matter from a financial 
point of view. Professor AVrightson recently pointed out that 
the cost of the swede crop when grown after rye fed off by sheep 
need not much exceed SI. per acre in the south-western counties, 
although the rental of tlie land with outgoings, and every item 
of expenditure, be placed against the crop. The respective items 
in his calculation are as follows : One ploughing, 8s. ; two double 
draggings, 4.';. ; two double harrowings, 2.s. ; one rolling, 9d.; one 
drilling with water, 5s. ; one harrowing, 6d.; one rolling, 9d. ; two 
horse-hoeings, 2s.; one harrowing, 6d.; two hand-hoeings, 9s.; 31b. 
of seed, 3s.; 2 cwt. of superphosphate, Gs.; rent, rates, and taxes, 
1^. 10s. Total cost 3/. Is. '3d. It will be noticed that very little 
manure is here estimated for, which is referable to the sheep 
leaving so much by feeding off the rye, that 2 cwt. of mineral 
superphosphate suffices to bring a good crop. 
Mr. R. Hunter Pringle has placed in my hands a very 
different calculation of the cost of a crop of swedes, grown after 
a winter fallow, which is as follows : — In autumn light ploughing, 
6s. 6d. ; two heavy harrowings at 9d., Is. Gd. ; four harrowings at 
6d., 2s. ; rolling lOd.; two harrowings at 6d., Is. ; one chain har- 
rowing, lOd. ; gathering and burning weeds, 5s. ; one deep 
ploughing, 8s. In spring two grubbings with 3 horses at 9d., 
Is. 6d.; two harrowings. Is.; gathering and burning weeds, 2s. 6d.; 
one grubbing with 4 horses. Is. 6d.; opening drills, 2s. 6d.; sowing 
artificials, 6d. ; splitting drills, 2s. 6d. ; drilling seeds, Gd. ; three 
horse-hoeings at Is. '3d., 3s. 9d. ; two hand-hoeings, 8s. ; topping 
and tailing, 5s. ; storing and covering, 2s. ; grinding for sheep, 
5s. ; rents, &c., 11. ; fifteen loads dung at 4s., 3/. ; carting and 
spreading, 13s. 6d. ; two cwt. dissolved bones at 5s., 10s. ; which 
would make a total of 8/. 12s. 5d. But Mr. Pringle remarks 
that if artificial manures were solely depended on the account 
might be much lightened, 1/. 10s. being charged for manure 
