Annual Report for 1888 of the Consulting Entomologist. 339 
was accompanied by samples of so-called " rubbish " taken out 
of wheat from Califoi'nia, India, and Russia, mixed in certain 
proportion before being submitted to cleaning operations. 
In this case there are six classes of rubbish shown : — 
No. 1, broken straw used as beddiog for pigs. No. 2, what 
is called " hen-corn," very similar to what I have been informed 
from elsewhere is sold as food for poultry. Nos. 3 and 4, for 
which a market is found, but of which the owners preferred not 
to name the precise use. No. 5, formed of lumps of anything 
which may chance, from dirt that may have in some mills to be 
washed away, up to any seed or insect, or fungus growth, or 
lumps of iron or wood ; this is known sometimes as " rubble." 
No. 6 is very important ; it is of dirty Indian wheat, which 
heats on the passage, and for this reason becomes rapidly 
infested by weevils. 
The owners complained much of the dirty state that much of 
the wheat comes in, as it is thus more liable to breed weevils, 
especially the late shipments, which are sometimes nearly alive 
with them. 
The above communications, considering them solely in the 
light of their bearing on transmission of insect pests, show that 
wheat now comes in to a great degree so mixed with rubbish 
suitable for bringing granary beetles and other pests in the 
general mass, and also such pests of the growing crops as can be 
carried in chrysalis state in the broken straw, as at least to make 
it desirable for farmers and all concerned to be warned in the 
strongest manner of the risks that they run by using material 
that either certainly is, or certainly may be, infested. Of these 
waste products I consider the broken straw especially to be 
avoided, as it is just as likely as not that it may convey Hessian 
fly, and the still more destructive "joint worm," the maggot of 
the four-winged fly known as Isosoma hordei. 
Further, I wish to draw attention to the great loss which 
is occurring, and has long been occurring, in grain cargoes from 
gi'anary weevil. I have been consulted about it for some time 
back, but the facts to which attention is now specially drawn, 
of the extra heating of the dirty cargoes, quite account for 
its great prevalence. 
The amount and rapidity of the multiplication of the common 
granary weevil are very much increased by warmth ; but that of 
the so-called " rice weevil," or spotted granary weevil, which is 
just as destructive, very much depends on warmth ; and, though 
so destructive in heated cargoes, it is stated (and from long 
series of my own experiments I believe it to be the case) that as 
this kind will not multiply in this country on account of the tem- 
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