108 
Light-Land Farming. 
dozen drills or so, then get on the dung, and, when the first 
three drills are spread, the plough, or ploughs, split them in 
going one way, and form new drills when returning — thus 
working round and round every twelve drills, while at the same 
time the manuring and spreading is going on within the last- 
opened and tlie last-covered ones. In order to make the several 
operations of drilling, splitting, and sowing simultaneous, it is 
necessary to have four ploughs working after each other, by 
which means there are four new drills opened every hout, and as 
many split ; and as the turnip-sower is made to cover two drills 
at once, the whole process goes on with the regularity of a piece 
of machinery, provided there is a sufficient force of carts, 
manure fillers, and spreaders, to carry on the other portions of 
the work. It is only, however, on farms of not less than 480 
acres that these operations can be carried on on such a syste- 
matic and extensive scale ; and with such a force as that described 
above 8 acres of land could easily be drilled, manured, and 
sown every day. On smaller farms, where two ploughs only can 
be kept at work, the sowing of the seed is necessarily inter- 
rupted. Upon a farm of 480 acres there will generally be six 
pairs of horses and an odd horse for extra work. There will 
also be a steward, six ploughmen, one shepherd who sometimes 
assists in filling manure, two labourers, two boys, and twelve 
female workers. The arrangement will show at a glance the 
disposition of the forces and the amount of work performed in 
sowing turnips, supposing the manure to have been stored pre- 
viously on the highest part of the field, so as to be convenient for 
being carted. 
4 men and 8 horses making: and splitting drills. 
2 ,, and 4 carting and hauling out manure. 
3 ,, filling manure. 
2 boys leading horses. 
8 women spreading manure. 
2 ,, sowing artificial manure.' 
1 man and 1 horse sowing the seed, 
Total . 22 workers and 13 horses finish 8 acres of turnip-sowing daily. 
On very hilly farms it is found that the common practice of 
laying manure in drills directly from the cart is attended by a 
very serious disadvantage, viz., the treading and slipping of the 
horses' feet, either in going up or down with the laden carts, 
are apt to injure the raised portions of the drills so much as 
sometimes to obliterate them entirely, so that there is no hollow 
part in which to deposit the manure. To obviate this difficulty 
several plans have been adopted — eitlier the manure is laid on in 
winter, and ploughed under the stubble-furrow, or it is laid down 
n small heaps on the surface and carried to the drills during the 
