140 
Use of Toion Sewage as Manure. 
It is stated by physiologists, as the result of numerous experi- 
ments, that an adult healthy male, livinjj on mixed diet, pro- 
duces in twenty-four hours from 1800 to 2700 grains of moist 
faeces, which usually contain three-fourths of their weight of 
moisture.* 
It is obvious, however, that the average quantity would be 
very much less than this, when proper allowance is made for the 
smaller production of young persons and children ; and we 
shall be perhaps tolerably correct if we adopt as a standard a 
quarter of a pound (1750 grains) for the average of a mixed 
population of all ages and ranks. 
The quantity of urine voided in a given time by persons of 
different ages has been made the subject of careful observations 
by many physiologists and chemists. I give in a notef below a 
few results, from which we may fairly deduce the fact that the 
average quantity of urine voided by each member of a community 
— men, women, and children — would be about 3 lbs. in every 
24 hours. 
We may then for the present assume that each individual of 
a population will, in the course of 24 hours, contribute to 
* Some few experiments have recently been made in my laboratory on this 
subject. The following are the quantities of excrement voided by three healthy 
males living on a full diet, and of the respective ages of 28, 19, and 17. 
A, 28 years of age, voided in 7 successive days, at 5 times, the following weights 
of excrement — 
1st day . . . 1534 grains. 
2nd „ ... 2146 „ 
4th „ ... 2084 „ 
6th „ ... 1948 „ 
7th „ ... 2180 „ 
B, 19 years of age, voided on two days at an interval of 5 days — 
1st day . . .1419 grains. 
2nd „ ... 1270 „ 
C, 1 7 years of age, at an interval of a week produced on two occasions — 
1st day . . . 1240 grains. 
2nd „ ... 1156 
The weighings in the case of B and C only refer of course to the separate occa- 
sions on which the experiment was made, and do not include the fseces of the whole 
interval mentioned ; but in the case of A, the quantities given are the entire solid 
excrements of seven days, and they give consequently a mean for each day of 1413 
grains. 
The mean of the two experiments on B is 1344, and on C 1198. 
t The following are the estimates of different observers as to the quantity of 
urine voided in each 24 hours (Thomson's Chemistry of Animal Bodies) : — 
Haller states it at .... 3 '457 lbs. avoirdupois. 
Prout „ .... 2-300 „ 
Bostock „ .... 2-822 „ 
Bayer „ .... 2-771 „ 
Lecanu ,, .... 2-795 „ 
Thomson „ .... 3-333 
Mean 2- 913 or ntai ly 3 lbs. 
