284 
On the Teeth of the Ox, Sheep, and Pig, 
lection of the food, I pass to the tushes, placed immediately 
behind the incisors and in front of the molars. More or less 
space exists between the incisors and the tushes, as also between 
them and the molars. This interruption to the regular order of 
the series may be taken as a characteristic of_ the inferior animals. 
In man tlie row is continuous, besides which the canine teeth are 
so reduced in size as not to stand above the level of the others. 
In the monkey tribe, though approaching nearer in the general 
development of their organs to man than any other creatures, these 
canine teeth are largely developed and rise considerably above the 
incisors and molars. This is even the case with the adult Chim- 
panzee, an animal standing at the head of the Quadrumana. 
The tushes are always large in the flesh-feeding animals, and 
are evidently here used for lacerating and tearing the prey. 
Upon the whole, however, these teeth serve but little in either 
the collection or reduction of the food, and consequently we must 
regard them chiefly as weapons of offence and defence. As in 
some creatures they are developed to a greater extent than 
in others, so, as we should expect, seeing the infinity of both 
the number and variety of the mammalian order of animals, 
many are entirely destitute of these teeth. This is the case with 
the ox and sheep, and with ruminating animals as a family or 
tribe. Tliere are however some notable exceptions to this rule. 
One of these is the camel, in whose skull, now before me, we find 
in front of the lower jaw eight teeth standing tolerably close to each 
other. Six of these have wide, spreading crowns and contracted 
fangs, which give to them a character not very unlike that of the 
incisors of the ox and other ruminants. Two, however, the most 
posterior placed of the series, and which are removed a short dis- 
tance from the others, agree in shape with the tushes of the horse. 
According to the definition of modern anatomists these teeth are 
true tushes. This arrangement gives the camel but six incisors 
in the lower jaw instead of eight, the typical number of the 
order Ruminantia. If we look to the anterior part of the upper 
jaw of this animal, which is toothless for the most part in rumi- 
nants, Ave also find two well developed tushes. Besides these 
there are two other teeth, whose situation claims for them the 
appellation of incisors, being in front of the tushes, in fact occupy- 
ing the very position of the corner incisor teeth of other animals. 
Placed in the long spaces between the molars and the tushes we 
find in addition a tooth on either side, which is the analogue of 
the supernumerary molar of the ox and sheep. The camel thus 
offers a remarkable difference in its dentition from other domes- 
ticated animals.* 
* In proof of the correctness of the names given to these separate teeth, I may 
remark, iu the language of Professor Owen, that " those teeth which are implanted 
