as indicative of the Age of the Animal. 
285 
Besides the camels, the llamas and musk deer have also canine 
teeth in the upper jaw. In the Memina musk deer and others of 
the same class the tnshes are so long as to protrude from the 
mouth, curving downwards and backwards with an elegant sweep. 
In one variety, an animal called by Cuvier the Kanchil, proverbial 
both for its swiftness and cunningness, it is said, " that when 
closely pursued by dogs the creature will sometimes make a 
bound upwards, hook itself on a branch of a tree by means of its 
crooked tusks, and there remain suspended till the dogs have 
passed beneath."* 
To return to the animals of whose dentition I have principally 
to speak : — In the pig we find the tushes, when fully grown, to 
be of large size. These teeth, however, vary considerably in 
their development in different animals of the same species, per- 
haps quite as much as in animals of different species. Among 
the modifying causes of the magnitude of the tush as we find them 
in the pig, I may mention breed. The larger and coarser the 
breed, and the fewer the attempts that have been made to im- 
prove it, the greater will be the size of the tush. Although 
these things will come more especially before us when the 
dentition of the pig is entered upon, it may be here added, 
that few causes have more influence over the dimension of this 
tooth than sex. Compare the tush of a sow with that of a boar 
when it has reached its full extent in both animals, and it will be 
seen that in the sow the tooth is but a miniature portrait of the 
other.j As would be supposed from this, it is in entire animals 
that we meet with the largest tushes. Castration checks their 
growth, bringing the tooth of the male pig to a size more cor- 
respondent with that of the female. The influence of sex upon 
this tooth is such that the males alone in some classes possess it. 
We may take the horse as an example. Persons, who profess to 
a great deal of horse knowledge, will often tell you that they 
can distinguish the sex of this animal by going to the head in the 
dark. This judgment is drawn from the existence or otherwise 
of the tush. They are not, however, absolutely correct in saying 
that the mare is without this tooth ; as a rule she wants it, but 
there are numerous exceptions : when present, the tush is 
always small in the mare. In the horse also we find another 
exception with regard to the tushes, namely, that they are not 
in the premaxillary bones (see fig. 46, f. i., upper jaw), and in the corresponding 
part of the lower jaw, are called incisors, whatever be their shape or size. The 
tooth in the maxillary bone, which is situated at or near to the suture with the 
premaxillary, is the canine (f. i., upper jaw, fig. 46); as is also that tooth in the 
lower jaw which, in opposing it, passes in front of its crown when the mouth is 
closed." — Ci/i lopccdia of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. iv., p. 903. 
* Animal Kingdom, vol. iv., p. GH. 
t Fig. 50 gives a representation of the tushes of a boar of full size. 
VOL. XV. ' U 
