Population of England and Wales, of 1871 and 1881. Ill 
well-marked distinction between the English farmer and the 
labourer is in the greater portion of the Principality hardly 
distinguishable ;" and it may very well be that the same class 
of persons returned themselves as farmers in one district and as 
farm-labourers in another. Nor need we inquire as to the 
causes of the decrease in any particular counties, for emigration 
and migration are the characteristics of the V1/elsh agricultural 
classes, no matter in what part of Wales they may live. As 
Mr. Doyle says, " the younger members of this class never hesitate 
to seek employment away from home; they emigrate and migrate 
freely and without hesitation. In proportion to the population, 
the number of Welsh emigrants to the United States and Canada 
is considerable ; while in such towns as Liverpool and Bristol 
the Welsh community is an appreciable proportion of the whole. 
The mining population of Glamorganshire and of the works- 
in the hill district of Breconshire is largely recruited from the 
rural districts of Cardiganshire and Carmarthenshire, as in 
North Wales similar industries are supplied with labour from 
Flintshire, Denbighshire and Carnarvonshire." The proximity 
of these industries no doubt accounts for the extremely high 
percentage of decrease which the Welsh counties show in the 
number of their labourers. 
In Wales, as in England, the rate of money wages paid to 
agricultural labourers appears to have increased during the decade 
1870-71 to 1880-81. Mr. Doyle, in his Supplemental Report 
on the Welsh Labourers, which is dated in January, 1882, says : 
" The practice of boarding and lodging the labourer is more 
general in Wales than in England, and in such cases the money 
wages would average 95. a week. The average wages of 
labourers who maintain themselves may be taken at 145. per 
week, with continuous employment. In the immediate neigh- 
bourhood of quarries and iron works wages run up from 15*. to 
I85., and in one union, Festiniog, to 205. per week." And if 
we refer to the Parliamentary Returns of 1870, from which 
I have extracted the rates of wages for most of the English 
counties, we find wages as low as IO5. a week and as high 
as 155. ; but the average is about 125. a week as compared with 
Mr. Doyle's 145. per week ; and in the case of labourers who 
were boarded and lodged by their masters, 85. a week as against 
Mr. Doyle's 95. a week. 
As regards the classes of " Farm Bailiffs," " Shepherds," and 
" Machine Proprietors and Attendants," mentioned in the tables. 
It will be noticed that there was an increase in the number of 
farm-bailiffs in every English county except three, viz. the 
counties of Cumberland, where there was a decrease of 18 per 
cent. ; Lincoln, where there was a decrease of 4*2 per cent. ; 
