430 
Canadian Agriculture. 
making a good article of butter is secured. With these cans 
submerged in cold spring or ice water there is no difficulty in 
securing all the cream from the milk in twelve hours, either in 
dog days or any other time. With a good article of cream 
there should be no difficulty in producing a first-class article of 
butter which will command the highest price. The cheese of 
the Dominion will command a good price in any market." 
Small dairies and imperfect arrangements prevail at present. 
The fertilisers in use are barnyard-manure, superphosphates, 
fish, pumice, gypsum, and great quantities of mussel-mud from 
the shores of the Bay of Fundy and of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
The late Professor J. F. W. Johnston, F.R.S., in a report he 
made some years ago on the Province of New Brunswick, 
arrived at the following conclusions : — 
" 1. That the soil of New Brunswick is capable of producing food for a 
population of from five to six millions. 
" 2. That in the capability of growing all the common crops on which man 
and beast mainly depend, the whole Province of Ncv Brunswick, taken 
together, exceeds even the favoured Genesee Valley. 
" 3. That the climate is an exceedingly healthy one, and that it does not 
prevent the soil from producing crops, which, other things being equal, are 
not inferior, either in quantity or quality, to those of average soils of 
England." 
The dyke lands of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and the 
intervale lands of the former Province, are peculiar and interest- 
ing features. The dyke lands are described under the head of 
Nova Scotia, and as regards the intervale lands I cannot do 
better than quote the words of my colleague. Professor J. P. 
Sheldon, who is well acquainted with the districts in which 
they occur : — 
" The ' intervale lands ' of Kew Brunswick are, as the name sngciests, 
found in the valleys. The name is peculiarly appropriate and expressive. 
In England we should call them bottom-lands, or alluvial soils. They are, 
in fact, alluvial soils to all intents and j^urposes, with this peculiarity — they 
are still in process of formation. In some cases these intervale lands consist 
of islands in the rivers— and there are many such in the magnificent river 
St. John; but for the most jsart they are level banks on each side of the 
river, in some cases several miles wide, and reaching to the foot of the hills, 
which form the natural ramparts of the valleys they enclose. These intervale 
lands are rich in quality, and the giass they produce is very good. Like the 
dyke-lands, they need no manuring artificially. The dyke-lauds, in fact, 
have such a deep excellent deposit of unusual richness, that manuring is 
superfluous; but the intervale lands receive a jieriodical manuring in the- 
deposit which is laid on them each spring by tlie freshets of the rivers. They 
are, in fact, flooded more or less for several weeks in the spring of the year, 
and the deposit left by the receding waters is of a character to add fertility 
to an ahead}' rich soil, and, at the same time, to add to its depth. An inch 
or two of rich alluvial mud di jiosited on these lands each year is gradually 
raising them above the influence of the freshets; and they are to-day among 
the most valuable soils in the Province." 
