450 
Canadian Agriculture. 
Better care of the manure heap is imperatively necessary. 
Mr. Barnard says, " The liquid manure, which is worth more 
than the solid matter, is mostly all lost ; then the solids are 
eave-washed, burned, or fire-fanged, before carting to the field, 
and there too often sun dried. As generally treated by nearly 
all farmers in Canada, manure goes to waste to a greater or less 
degree, but aggregating to 75 per cent., as I believe can be 
proved unquestionably. As long as this waste is allowed, but 
little interest can be given to the very important question of 
artificial fertilisers." 
But signs of improvement are not wanting, particularly in 
Ontario, where drainage is now being much resorted to, better 
roads are being made, and straight fences are replacing the 
snake fences which occupy so much room and so freely harbour 
weeds in their innumerable angles. In this progressive Pro- 
vince, too, the cultivation of a larger number of species of grass, 
and the laying down of permanent pasture, must be included 
among the new departures. And, as already mentioned, rota- 
tions of crops are slowly finding their way into practice, while 
marked improvements are noticeable in the winter feeding of 
live-stock. 
In Canadian farming, machinery is used to a much greater 
extent than is the case in England. This arises, of course, 
from the character of the seasons in Canada, for practically 
there are only two divisions of the year, — summer and winter. 
Such autumn as there may be is short, spring is shorter. Seed 
time, therefore, is a period of great pressure, and incessant 
labour; harvest is an equally busy time, so that much of the 
manual labour of our own country devolves upon machinery in 
Canada. The implement manufacturers are gradually concen- 
trating their efforts on one or other of three branches, — th^ cul- 
tivating, the seeding, and the harvesting ; and in Canada, as in 
the United States, each season brings with it some new design 
or improvement. This rapid extension of mechanical aids is 
gradually rendering superfluous much of the skill of the hus- 
bandman, as in the case of the sulky ploughs, which seat the 
driver, and cut one furrow. I may here mention a few of the 
prices. The Buford sulky plough, 12, 14, and 16-incli cut in 
steel bottoms, and furnished with rolling coulter, IIZ. to 13/. i 
the Buford ganc/ sulky plough, cutting two furrows, each 12 
inches wide, made entirely of iron and steel, except the pole and 
whippletrees, and with rolling coulters, 20Z. ; ordinary ploughs, 
3Z. to 4/. ; Whipple spring harrow for preparing stiff, rough, or 
dirty land for seed, 11. to 9/., according to size ; Monarch potato 
digger, 21. 8.9. Among tlie commonly seen implements are the 
Massey mowers, harvesters, and rakes ; the Brantford two-horse 
