Agriculture of Dcnmarh. 
289 
korn," noie^libonrhoocl of towns, quality of land, &c., causing 
variations. The average annual rent of land may in a like way 
be stated as between 10/. and 11/. per ton of " Hartkorn." 
The Relation between Master and Servant has materially 
chancred of late years. Earlier most of the labour on large 
estates was performed by the bondman (" Hoveripligtige "), and 
only superintendents and herdsmen were living on the property. 
But when manorial labour (" Hoverie ") was abolished the 
organization of a ne\y system becanie necessary, the result of 
which may be thus given : — 
On some estates labour is performed by young, mostly un- 
married men, who reside on the premises and receive board, 
lodging, and fixed wages. They are generally engaged for six 
or twelve months. But as an additional number of workmen is 
required during summer, especially in harvest time, cottage- 
labourers, together with their wives and children, are engaged 
for such periods. Sometimes they are paid day -wages, but more 
frequentlv they receive a round sum for the season, whether the 
harvest is early or late, and the paj ment is usuall}' made in corn. 
Other proprietors prefer not having their farm-labourers on the 
estate, but in cottages in its immediate neighbourhood. The 
advantage of this system over that where the servant can leave at 
a few months' notice, seems to be, that a certain number of 
labourers can be counted upon, who, from long experience, are 
well acquainted with the agricultural system adopted on the 
property. As a general rule, they are married, and do not 
readily quit their cottages, on account of the difficulty of finding 
others on estates farmed on similar principles. This system also 
secures, in the wives and children of the cottagers, a sufficient 
number of cheap female labourers, whereby the cultivation of 
esculent plants is facilitated. 
While these two systems are almost exclusively practised on 
the larger estates, they are also frequently adopted by the yeomen- 
farmers. 
Farm- Wages do not vary much in a country like Denmark. 
The season of the year, the neighbourhood of towns, &c., have, 
however, a distinct influence on them. In Denmark Proper, 
before 1846, a male farm-servant received, as a rule, board and 
lodging and 21. lbs. to 3/. 15.s. a year, but since then, on account 
of the great rise in the price of food, &c., the amount of such wages 
has been doubled ; in some instances even a greater increase has 
taken place. At present a farm-servant receives about 5/. 10s. 
per annum, besides board and lodging : the latter may be calcu- 
lated at 8/. 5^., making a total of 13/. 15s. A female servant 
generally receives 3/. 7s. annually, besides board and lodging. 
